A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF RAW, BOILED AND ROASTED TRECULIA AFRICANA (AFRICAN BREADFRUIT).
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study investigated and compared the phytochemical analyses, proximate analysis, vitamin, and mineral composition of raw, boiled, and roasted Treculia africana seeds. The seeds were processed, manually dehulled, and divided into 3 portions; A (raw), B (boiled) and C (roasted), air-dried and ground into flour. Samples were analyzed using standard methods. There were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of steroids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and reducing sugars in the raw sample compared to the boiled and roasted samples. Results of the proximate analysis showed significantly higher amount of ash, carbohydrates, and fiber content of raw samples compared to boiled and roasted samples. A significant amount of proteins and fats were observed in the roasted while moisture content of boiled were higher compared to others. Results of the mineral composition showed significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of sodium, copper, magnesium, and phosphorus in the roasted samples compared to the raw and boiled samples. Levels of potassium, iron, calcium, fluoride, and cobalt were observed higher in the raw sample compared to other samples. Although, iron and calcium were higher in the boiled samples than roasted. Vitamins A, B2, B3, B6, D, E and K levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the boiled samples compared to the roasted one. Even though this study has shown that processing of Treculia africana by roasting and boiling improves its nutrient composition, roasting has shown higher levels of the most nutrients except vitamins compared to boiled sample. This is an indication that roasting reduces the vitamin content of breadfruit.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Amusa, N.A., Kehinde, I.A., and Ashaye, O.A. (2002). Bio deterioration of breadfruit (Autoharps communist) in Storage and its effects on the nutrient composition. African Journal of Biotechnology, 1(2), 51-60.
Akin-Osanaiye, B.C and Godwin G.( 2018). Antibacterial activity and Antinutrient composition of white and red Allumcepa(Onion). Direct Research Journal of Public Health and Environmental Technology, 3(3), 42-47
Akubor, P.I., Isolukwo, P.C., Ugbabe, O., and Onimawo, I.A. (2000). Proximate composition and functional properties of African breadfruit Kernel and Wheat Flour Blends. Food Research International, 33,707-712.
AOAC official method 0f analysis 14th edition, Association of Official Analytical chemist Washington DC, USA, 1995
Baiyeri, K.P. and Mbah, B.N. (2006). Effects of soil and soil-based Nursery media on seedling Emergency. Growth and Response to Water stress of African breadfruit (Treculia africana), African Journal Biotechnology, 5(15), 400-405.
Edeoga, H.O., Okwu, D.E. and Oyedemi, B.M(2005). Phytochemical constituent of some Nigerian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology,4(7),312-315.
Enibe, S.O., Akubuo, C.O., Mbah, B.N., Onweluzo, J.A., Enibe, D.O., Oduro, I. and Ellis, W.A. (2013). Progress in agronomic, nutritional, and engineering development research on (Treculia africana) tree crop. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS): for a Food Secure Africa, Accra, Ghana, 25th–27th September, 198-214.
Ejidike, B.N. and Ajileye, O. (2007). Nutrient composition of African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed hull and its use in the diet for the African giant land snail, Archachatina marginata. Parkistan Journal of Nutrition, 6 (2), 201-203.
Ejiofor, M.A., Obianuju, O.R., and Okafor, J.C. (1998). Diversifying of African breadfruit as food and feeding stuff. International tree crop Journal, 5,125-134.
Fasasi, O. S.; Eleyinmi, A. F.; Fasasi, A. R. and Karim, O. R. (2004). Chemical properties of raw and processed breadfruit (Treculia africana) seed flour. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment2 (1): 65-69.
Harbone, J.B(1998). Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd Edition, Chapman and Hall, Publishing, London, United Kingdom. Page 286- 287
Ijeh, I.I., Ejike, C. E., Nkwonta, M. O., and Njoku, B .C. (2010). Effect of traditional processing techniques on the nutritional and phytochemical composition of African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Seeds. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 14(4), 169-173.
Nwabueze, T.U. (2006). Effect of hydration and screw speed on the nutrient and acceptability of extruded ready to-eat African breadfruit (Treculia africana) snack. Nigerian Food Journal, 24(1), 107-112.
Nnorom I.C., Ewuzie, U., Ogbuagu, F., Okereke M., Agwu P. and Enyinnaya .I (2014). Mineral contents of ukwa, African breadfruit(Treculia africana), from South-eastern Nigeria: Effects of methods of preparation. International journal of Plant and Soil science, 10,230-240
Nuga, O.O., and Ofodile, E.A. (2010). Potentials of (Treculia africana) – An endangered species of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR), 10(2), 91-99.
Ogunleye, D.S and Ibitoye, S.F (2003). Studies of antimicrobial activity and chemical constituents Ximenia Americana. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(2), 239-241
Olapade, A.A. and Umeonuorah, U.C. (2014). Chemical and Sensory Evaluation of African
Breadfruit (Treculia africana) Seeds Processed with Alum and Trona. Nigerian Food Journal, 32(1),80-88.
Okafor, J.C. (1985): Selection and Improvement of Indigenous Tropical fruit Trees: problems and prospects .Journal for Agricultural Research, 1(2), 87-95.
Osabor, V.N., Ogar, D.A., Okafor, P.C., and Egbung, G.E. (2009). Profile of the African Breadfruit (Treculia africana). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(7), 1005-1008.
Sofowora, A. (1993). Phytochemical screening of medicinal and traditional medicine in Africa Edition. Spectrum Books Ltd, Nigeria, 150-156
Trease, G. and Evans, W. (2002). Phytochemicals. In: Pharmacognosy, 15th Edition, Saunders Publishers; London, 42-393
Uluocha, O.B., Udeagha, A.U., Udofia, S.I., and Duruigbo, C.I. (2016). Socio-economic contribution of African breadfruit (Treculia africana) toward sustainable livelihood in Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 8(2), 40-57.
Ushie, O. A., Egwaikhide, P. A. and Longbab, B. D. (2016). Phytochemical Screening of Some Medicinal Plants in Local Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 5(9), 27 – 3