PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS (AFRICAN EBONY) STEM BARK
Main Article Content
Abstract
Methanol, Ethyl acetate and Petroleum ether extracts of stem bark of an indigenous plant, Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst (Ebenaceae), were phytochemically screened and quantified. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, cardiacglycosides, anthraquinones, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates. Quantitative analysis of the bio-constituents was carried out using UV-Spectrophotometric method as described by various researchers. Cardiac glycoside was found to have the highest quantity in the extract (37.40±4.98µg/g), followed by Total Phenolic (21.43±3.03µg/g), flavonoids (20.68±0.43 µg/g), Tannins (13.84±0.21 µg/g), Alkaloids (12.06±0.12µg/g) and Saponins (0.53±0.01 µg/g) having the least quantity. Important physicochemical parameters comprising of moisture content (6.60%), total ash (12.25%), acid insoluble ash (8.60%), water soluble ash (10.82%), ethanol extractive value (16.10%) and water extractive value (7.23%) were evaluated. These parameters are important for detecting adulteration or improper handling of drugs. Acute oral administration of crude methanol extract of D. mespiliformis showed the LD50 value to be greater than 5000mg/kg body weight.The present work on D. mespiliformis may open up a fresh line of research into discoveries of new drugs in many classes. It will be more fortunate if the new drugs to be discovered will have better efficacy and less toxicity than the already existing ones in the classes.
Article Details
How to Cite
Mukhtar, Y., Aliyu, B., Zakari, S., Aliko, A., Habib, A., Zubairu, S., Bashir, R., Tukur, S., Jalingo, A., Abubakar, F., & Suleiman, A. (2022). PHYTOCHEMICAL, PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF DIOSPYROS MESPILIFORMIS (AFRICAN EBONY) STEM BARK. The Bioscientist Journal, 10(1), 28-40. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/104
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Agyare, C., Asase, A., Lechtenberg, M., Michael, N., Alexandra, D., Andreas, H. (2009), “An ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro confirmation of ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants used for wound healing in Bosomtwi-Atwima-Kwanwoma area, Ghana.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125(3):393-403.
Ahmed A.H., and Mahmud, A.F. (2017). Pharmacological Activities of Diospyros Mespiliformis: A Review; International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences;7 (4): 93-96.
Anas, A., Abdulkarim, A., Abubaka,r A., Yahya, I., Usman, M. J., Umar, S. A., Abubakar, M. K. (2015) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Extract of Stem Bark of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst (Ebenaceae), Proceedings of 4th ISERD International Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16th June 2015, ISBN: 978-93- 85465-34-5
Ashokkumar, R. and Ramaswamy, M. (2014) Phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopic analysis of leaf extracts of selected Indian Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3(1): 395-406
Badiora A.S., Agbi A.J., Ogunleye S.G., Areola J.O., and Babalola O.O. (2016). Toxicological evaluation of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae) stem bark extract on the liver, kidney and testes of adult wistar rats. American Journal of Biochemistry, 6(3):59-71
Bulus, T., Atawodi., S. E. & Mamman, M. (2011) Acute Toxicity Effect Of The Aqueous Extract of Terminalia Av icennioides on White Albino Rats. Science World Journal Vol 6 (No 2), ISSN 1597-6343
Burkill, H.M (1995). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Volume 3, Families J-L, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Cate Ten JW, van Haeringen NJ, Gerritsen J, Glasius E (1973) Biological activity of a semisynthetic flavonoid, O-(-hydroxyethyl) rutoside: lightscattering and metabolic studies of human red cells and platelets. See comment in PubMed Commons below Clinical Chem 19: 31-35.
Chan T. (1997). Monitoring the safety of herbal medicine, Drug safety, 17:15-209
Chanda, S. (2011). Importance of Pharmacognostic Study of Medicinal Plants: An Overview. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2 (5):503-514.
Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC (2002) Antiherpes simplex virus type 2 activity of casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn. Antiviral Research 55: 447-455
Dennis V. P. (1984). Mammalian metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals. In Kacew, S. and Reasor, M. J. (eds.) Toxicology and Newborn. London: Chapman Hall, pp 1-32.
Devanaboyina N.,N. RamaLakshmi, B.satyanarayana P. sudeepthi, K.Hemachakradhar, N. PavankumarRaju (2013) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Estimation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Alstonia macrophylla Stem Bark, International Journal of Science Invention Today, 2(1), 31-39.
Ebbo AA, Mammam M, Suleiman MM, Ahmed A, Bello A (2014) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Diospyros mespiliformis. Anatomy and Physiology, 4: 156. doi:10.4172/2161-0940.1000156
Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W. B. Saunders Ltd., London, 10 – 11.
Gami, Bharat and Parabia, MH (2010), “Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Bark and Seeds of Mimusops elengi l”, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2( 4),110-113.
Guclu UO, Mazza G (2007) Saponins: properties, applications and processing. See comment in PubMed Commons below, Critical Review on Food Science and Nutrition, 47: 231-258
Harbone JB (1998) phytochemical methods. Guide diabetes in rats, Biological Trace Elements to modern techniques of plant analysis. (3rd edn), Chapman and Hall Int. Ed., New York.
Hemen D, Lalita L (2012) A review of anthraquinones isolated from Cassia spp. and their applications. Indian Journal of Natural Product Resources, 3: 291-319.
Jiat, Z., Mengcheng, T. and Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555– 559.
Kaskoos Raad A. (2014) Physico-chemical Parameters, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of seeds of Peganum harmala collected from Iraq. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 20-24.
Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 53:275-287.
Mallavadhni UV, Panda AK and Rao YR. Pharmacology and chemotaxonomy of Diospyros. Phytochemistry 1998;49:901-51.
Mann A., Yusuf A., & Daniyan S. (2014) TLC Analysis and Bioactivity Screening of the Stem Bark Extract of Anogeissusleiocarpus Against Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Quantification of Its Phytoconstituents. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and ChemicalSciences, 5(2) p187
Mukherjee PK. (2002) Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. New Delhi, India: Business Horizons
Mukhtar Y., Abdu K., & Maigari A. K. (2017) Efficacy of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) as Potential Therapeutic Agent against Trypanosomiasis Diseases: A Review, International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical Research, ISSN 2045-4673 Vol. 3 No.3.
Mukhtar, Y., Galalain, A. M., Habib, A. A., Tukur, S., Bashir R. A. & Abdu K. (2019) Antifungal Efficacy of Anogeissus leiocarpus DC against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia spp.FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), Vol. 3 No. 2, June, 2019, pp 17 184
Namadina, M. M. and Sani, A. (2018). Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical and Elemental Analysis of Ipomoea asarifolia Leaves, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 4 No. 2
National Research Council (2008) "Ebony" (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&page=253). Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11 879). Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. Retrieved 2008- 07-25.
Okorondu S. I., Adeleye, S. A. Okorondu, M. M. O. (2015) Review on medicinal plants. Niger.J. Microbiol. 29:3167-3183.
Okwu D.E. and Emenike I.N. (2006) Evaluation of phyto-nutrients and vitamins content of citrus fruits. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced Science, 2:1-6
Olaleye, G. and Mary, T. (2007) Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1(1): 9-13.
Parag A. Pednekar, Bhanu Raman. (2013). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential with FTIR analysis of Ampelocissus latifolia (roxb.) Planch. Leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(1): 67-73
Phillipson, JD (2001), “Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry”, 56, 237-243.
Prasad, S. K., Laloo, D., Kumar, M., and Hemalatha, S. (2013). Quality Control and Antioxidant Activity of root of Eriosema chinense. Pharmacognosy Journal Elsevier, 5: 149-155.
Quideau S, Varadinova T, Karagiozova D, Jourdes M, Pardon P, Laudry C., Genova P., Diakov T. and Petrova R. (2004) Main structural and stereochemical aspects of the ant herpetic activity of nonahydroxyterphenoyl- containing C -glycoside ellagitannins. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 1: 247-258.
Siddhuraju, P. and Manian S. (2007) the antioxidant activity and free radical Scavenging capacity and dietary phenolic extracts from horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) seeds. Food chemistry, 105, 950-958
Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K. (1993) Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
Sreedhar Sreekanth, U Prakash Kumar and A.B. Rema Shree (2012) Pharmacognostic Analysis of Stem Bark of Combretum albidum G. Don; An Unexplored Medicinal Plant, Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 4 | Issue 28
Tasneef Ahmad, Swatantra Bahadur Singh, Shivshankar Pandey (2013) Phytochemical Screening and Physicochemical Parameters of Crude Drugs: A Brief Review, International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, Dec 2013; 2(12):53-60
Thangarajan Starlin, Paramasivam Ragavendran, Chinthamony Arul Raj, Palanisamy Chella Perumal and Velliyur Kanniappan Gopalakrishnan (2012). Element and Functional Group Analysis of Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br. (Apocynaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4(5): 343-345.
Thomas S, Patil DA, Patil AG, Naresh C. (2008) Pharmacognostic evaluation and physicochemical analysis of Averrhoa carambola l. Fruit. Journal of Herbal and Medical Toxicology, 2:51- 4.
Tiwari R., and Rana C.S. (2015) Plant secondary metabolites: A review, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN 2091-2730
Velavan S. (2015) Phytochemical Techniques: A Review, World Journal of Science and Research, 1(2): 80-91
Walum, E. (1998). Acute oral toxicity. Environmental Health Perspective, 106, 497-503.
World Health Organization (2011) Quality control methods for herbal materials. WHO library cataloguing in publication.
World Health Organization (2002). WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002- 2005. WHO Publication, 1-6.
Zakari S.M., Aliko, A.A. Haruna, H. and Muazu. A (2018) Evaluation of Qualitative Phytochemicals and Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Senna tora on Downy Mildew of Cabbage, Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11(1): 15 – 19
Ahmed A.H., and Mahmud, A.F. (2017). Pharmacological Activities of Diospyros Mespiliformis: A Review; International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences;7 (4): 93-96.
Anas, A., Abdulkarim, A., Abubaka,r A., Yahya, I., Usman, M. J., Umar, S. A., Abubakar, M. K. (2015) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Extract of Stem Bark of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst (Ebenaceae), Proceedings of 4th ISERD International Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16th June 2015, ISBN: 978-93- 85465-34-5
Ashokkumar, R. and Ramaswamy, M. (2014) Phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopic analysis of leaf extracts of selected Indian Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3(1): 395-406
Badiora A.S., Agbi A.J., Ogunleye S.G., Areola J.O., and Babalola O.O. (2016). Toxicological evaluation of Ficus thonningii Blume (Moraceae) stem bark extract on the liver, kidney and testes of adult wistar rats. American Journal of Biochemistry, 6(3):59-71
Bulus, T., Atawodi., S. E. & Mamman, M. (2011) Acute Toxicity Effect Of The Aqueous Extract of Terminalia Av icennioides on White Albino Rats. Science World Journal Vol 6 (No 2), ISSN 1597-6343
Burkill, H.M (1995). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Volume 3, Families J-L, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Cate Ten JW, van Haeringen NJ, Gerritsen J, Glasius E (1973) Biological activity of a semisynthetic flavonoid, O-(-hydroxyethyl) rutoside: lightscattering and metabolic studies of human red cells and platelets. See comment in PubMed Commons below Clinical Chem 19: 31-35.
Chan T. (1997). Monitoring the safety of herbal medicine, Drug safety, 17:15-209
Chanda, S. (2011). Importance of Pharmacognostic Study of Medicinal Plants: An Overview. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2 (5):503-514.
Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC (2002) Antiherpes simplex virus type 2 activity of casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn. Antiviral Research 55: 447-455
Dennis V. P. (1984). Mammalian metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals. In Kacew, S. and Reasor, M. J. (eds.) Toxicology and Newborn. London: Chapman Hall, pp 1-32.
Devanaboyina N.,N. RamaLakshmi, B.satyanarayana P. sudeepthi, K.Hemachakradhar, N. PavankumarRaju (2013) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Estimation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Alstonia macrophylla Stem Bark, International Journal of Science Invention Today, 2(1), 31-39.
Ebbo AA, Mammam M, Suleiman MM, Ahmed A, Bello A (2014) Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Diospyros mespiliformis. Anatomy and Physiology, 4: 156. doi:10.4172/2161-0940.1000156
Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W. B. Saunders Ltd., London, 10 – 11.
Gami, Bharat and Parabia, MH (2010), “Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Bark and Seeds of Mimusops elengi l”, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2( 4),110-113.
Guclu UO, Mazza G (2007) Saponins: properties, applications and processing. See comment in PubMed Commons below, Critical Review on Food Science and Nutrition, 47: 231-258
Harbone JB (1998) phytochemical methods. Guide diabetes in rats, Biological Trace Elements to modern techniques of plant analysis. (3rd edn), Chapman and Hall Int. Ed., New York.
Hemen D, Lalita L (2012) A review of anthraquinones isolated from Cassia spp. and their applications. Indian Journal of Natural Product Resources, 3: 291-319.
Jiat, Z., Mengcheng, T. and Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555– 559.
Kaskoos Raad A. (2014) Physico-chemical Parameters, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of seeds of Peganum harmala collected from Iraq. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 20-24.
Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology, 53:275-287.
Mallavadhni UV, Panda AK and Rao YR. Pharmacology and chemotaxonomy of Diospyros. Phytochemistry 1998;49:901-51.
Mann A., Yusuf A., & Daniyan S. (2014) TLC Analysis and Bioactivity Screening of the Stem Bark Extract of Anogeissusleiocarpus Against Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Quantification of Its Phytoconstituents. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and ChemicalSciences, 5(2) p187
Mukherjee PK. (2002) Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. New Delhi, India: Business Horizons
Mukhtar Y., Abdu K., & Maigari A. K. (2017) Efficacy of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) as Potential Therapeutic Agent against Trypanosomiasis Diseases: A Review, International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical Research, ISSN 2045-4673 Vol. 3 No.3.
Mukhtar, Y., Galalain, A. M., Habib, A. A., Tukur, S., Bashir R. A. & Abdu K. (2019) Antifungal Efficacy of Anogeissus leiocarpus DC against Aspergillus niger and Rhizoctonia spp.FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), Vol. 3 No. 2, June, 2019, pp 17 184
Namadina, M. M. and Sani, A. (2018). Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical and Elemental Analysis of Ipomoea asarifolia Leaves, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS), Vol. 4 No. 2
National Research Council (2008) "Ebony" (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&page=253). Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits (http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11 879). Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. Retrieved 2008- 07-25.
Okorondu S. I., Adeleye, S. A. Okorondu, M. M. O. (2015) Review on medicinal plants. Niger.J. Microbiol. 29:3167-3183.
Okwu D.E. and Emenike I.N. (2006) Evaluation of phyto-nutrients and vitamins content of citrus fruits. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced Science, 2:1-6
Olaleye, G. and Mary, T. (2007) Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1(1): 9-13.
Parag A. Pednekar, Bhanu Raman. (2013). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential with FTIR analysis of Ampelocissus latifolia (roxb.) Planch. Leaves. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(1): 67-73
Phillipson, JD (2001), “Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry”, 56, 237-243.
Prasad, S. K., Laloo, D., Kumar, M., and Hemalatha, S. (2013). Quality Control and Antioxidant Activity of root of Eriosema chinense. Pharmacognosy Journal Elsevier, 5: 149-155.
Quideau S, Varadinova T, Karagiozova D, Jourdes M, Pardon P, Laudry C., Genova P., Diakov T. and Petrova R. (2004) Main structural and stereochemical aspects of the ant herpetic activity of nonahydroxyterphenoyl- containing C -glycoside ellagitannins. Chemistry and Biodiversity, 1: 247-258.
Siddhuraju, P. and Manian S. (2007) the antioxidant activity and free radical Scavenging capacity and dietary phenolic extracts from horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) seeds. Food chemistry, 105, 950-958
Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K. (1993) Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
Sreedhar Sreekanth, U Prakash Kumar and A.B. Rema Shree (2012) Pharmacognostic Analysis of Stem Bark of Combretum albidum G. Don; An Unexplored Medicinal Plant, Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 4 | Issue 28
Tasneef Ahmad, Swatantra Bahadur Singh, Shivshankar Pandey (2013) Phytochemical Screening and Physicochemical Parameters of Crude Drugs: A Brief Review, International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, Dec 2013; 2(12):53-60
Thangarajan Starlin, Paramasivam Ragavendran, Chinthamony Arul Raj, Palanisamy Chella Perumal and Velliyur Kanniappan Gopalakrishnan (2012). Element and Functional Group Analysis of Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br. (Apocynaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4(5): 343-345.
Thomas S, Patil DA, Patil AG, Naresh C. (2008) Pharmacognostic evaluation and physicochemical analysis of Averrhoa carambola l. Fruit. Journal of Herbal and Medical Toxicology, 2:51- 4.
Tiwari R., and Rana C.S. (2015) Plant secondary metabolites: A review, International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN 2091-2730
Velavan S. (2015) Phytochemical Techniques: A Review, World Journal of Science and Research, 1(2): 80-91
Walum, E. (1998). Acute oral toxicity. Environmental Health Perspective, 106, 497-503.
World Health Organization (2011) Quality control methods for herbal materials. WHO library cataloguing in publication.
World Health Organization (2002). WHO Traditional medicine strategy 2002- 2005. WHO Publication, 1-6.
Zakari S.M., Aliko, A.A. Haruna, H. and Muazu. A (2018) Evaluation of Qualitative Phytochemicals and Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Senna tora on Downy Mildew of Cabbage, Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11(1): 15 – 19