PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE ANTIMALARIAL PROPERTIES OF THE PEELS OF CITRUS MAXIMA LINN
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Abstract
Even though Citrus plants have antimalarial properties, there is no report of such about peels of C. maxima. This study explored fractions of peels of C. maxima for the presence of antimalarial activity using murine models. The crude extract was tested at 3 dose levels (125, 250, 500 mg/kg/b.w./day) and fractions at 2 dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w./day). All treatments lasted 7 consecutive days. In the experimental design and layout, blood samples were collected from tails of animals on day 4 and day 7. Over 89% of the parasite was cleared by 125 mg/kg dose on day 7. The highest clearance at day 4 and day 7 were at 500 mg/kg aqueous fraction (84.85%) and 500 mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction (97.96%), respectively. Only the aqueous fractions (250 and 500 mg/kg) had clearances > 80% on day 4. Other fractions having clearances > 50% were 500 mg/kg n-butanol (61.90%) and 500 mg/kg n-hexane (59.57%). Results of day 7 show the presence of antimalarial principles in all the fractions. This study demonstrated that the fruit peels of C. maxima possess antimalarial activity. More studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of action and active compounds involved.
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Ihekwereme, C. P., Onyegbule, F. A., Okeke, N. V., & Obi, C. O. (2020). PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE ANTIMALARIAL PROPERTIES OF THE PEELS OF CITRUS MAXIMA LINN. The Bioscientist Journal, 5(1), 57-65. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/13
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Singh, P., Shukla, R., Prakash, B., Kumar, A., Singh, S., Mishra, P.K., Dubey, N.K., 2010. Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maximaBurm. andCitrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic monoterpene, DL-limonene. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 1734–1740. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.001
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Argun, M.E., Güclü, D., Karatas, M. (2014). Adsorption of Reactive Blue 114 dye by using a new adsorbent: Pomelo peel. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20, 1079–1084. doi:10.1016/j.jieC.2013.06.045
Arrey Tarkang, P., Okalebo, F. A, Ayong, L.S., Agbor, G. A, Guantai, A.N., 2014. Anti-malarial activity of a polyherbal product (Nefang) during early and established Plasmodium infection in rodent models. Malar. J. 13, 456. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-456
Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., 2008. Update on Uses and Properties of Citrus Flavonoids: New Findings in Anticancer, Cardiovascular, and Anti-inflammatory Activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 6185–6205. doi:10.1021/jf8006568
Bordoloi, A.K., Pathak, M.G., Sperkova, J., Leclercq, P.A., 1999. Volatile constituents of the fruit peel oil of Citrus maxima (J.Burman) Merrill. from Northeast India. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11, 629–632.
Chai, W., Liu, X., Zou, J., Zhang, X., Li, B., Yin, T., 2015. Pomelo peel modified with acetic anhydride and styrene as new sorbents for removal of oil pollution. Carbohydr. Polym. 132, 245–251. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.060
Cheong, M.W., Liu, S.Q., Zhou, W., Curran, P., Yu, B., 2012. Chemical composition and sensory profile of pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) juice. Food Chem. 135, 2505–2513. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.012
Chowdhury, M.R.H., Sagor, M.A.T., Tabassum, N., Potol, M.A., Hossain, H., Alam, M.A., 2015. Supplementation of Citrus maxima Peel Powder Prevented Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Hepatic Damage in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl
De Moraes Barros, H.R., De Castro Ferreira, T.A.P., Genovese, M.I., 2012. Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of Citrus from Brazil. Food Chem. 134, 1892–1898. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.090
Dhiman, A., Ahmad, S., Nanda, A., Narasimhan, B., 2012. In vitro antimicrobial status of methanolic extract of Citrus sinensis Linn. fruit peel. Chronicles Young Sci. 3, 204. doi:10.4103/2229-5186.99573
Ding, X., Guo, L., Zhang, Y., Fan, S., Gu, M., Lu, Y., Jiang, D., Li, Y., Huang, C., Zhou, Z., 2013. Extracts of Pomelo Peels Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders in C57BL/6 Mice through Activating the PPAR?? and GLUT4 Pathway. PLoS One 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077915
Favela-Hernández, J., González-Santiago, O., Ramírez-Cabrera, M., Esquivel-Ferriño, P., Camacho-Corona, M., 2016. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Preliminary studies… Ihekwereme et al., 2017 64 Citrus sinensis. Molecules 21, 247. doi:10.3390/molecules21020247
Gülay Kirbaşlar, F., Tavman, A., Dülger, B., Türker, G., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of Turkish Citrus peel oils. Pakistan J. Bot. 41, 3207–3212. doi:3207-3212
Hameed, B.H., Mahmoud, D.K., Ahmad, A.L., 2008. Sorption of basic dye from aqueous solution by pomelo (Citrus grandis) peel in a batch system. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 316, 78–84. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.033
He, J.Z., Shao, P., Liu, J.H., Ru, Q.M., 2012. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) osbeck) peel and their antioxidant activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 13065–13078. doi:10.3390/ijms131013065
Ihekwereme, C.P., Agbata, C.A., Chukwueze, K.O., Agu, S.C., 2016. In vivo evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of hydroethanolic stem extract of Baphia pubescens in Plasmodium berghei infected albino mice. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 5, 149–152.
Khan, M.M., Iqbal, M., Hanif, M.A., Mahmood, M.S., Naqvi, S.A., Shahid, M., Jaskani, M.J., 2012. Antioxidant and Antipathogenic Activities of Citrus Peel Oils. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 15, 972–979. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2012.10662601
Mäkynen, K., Jitsaardkul, S., Tachasamran, P., Sakai, N., Puranachoti, S., Nirojsinlapachai, N., Chattapat, V., Caengprasath, N., Ngamukote, S., Adisakwattana, S., 2013. Cultivar variations in antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of pomelo pulp (Citrus grandis [L.] Osbeck) in Thailand. Food Chem. 139, 735–743. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.017
Mathur, A., Verma, S.K., Purohit, R., Gupta, V., Dua, V.K., Prasad, G., Mathur, D., Singh, S.K., Singh, S., 2011. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of peel and pulp of some Citrus fruits. IJPI’s J. Biotechnolgoy Biother. 1, 1–17.
Mehmood, B., Dar, K.K., Ali, S., Awan, U.A., Nayyer, A.Q., Ghous, T., Andleeb, S., 2015. In vitro assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of peel of Citrus sinensis. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 28, 231–239.
Mohanty, S., Maurya, A.K., Jyotshna, Saxena, A., Shanker, K., Pal, A., Bawankule, D.U., 2015. Flavonoids Rich Fraction of Citrus limetta Fruit Peels Reduces Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Attenuates Malaria Pathogenesis. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 16, 544–552.
Moll, K., Ljungström, I., Perlmann, H., Scherf, A., Wahlgren, M., 2008. Methods in Malaria Research. Evaluation 1-3-21.
Murugan, K., Kumar, P.M., Kovendan, K., Amerasan, D., Subrmaniam, J., Hwang, J.S., 2012. Larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity of Citrus sinensis orange peel extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex Preliminary studies… Ihekwereme et al., 2017 65
quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 111, 1757–1769. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-3021-8
Piriyaprasarth, S., Sriamornsak, P., 2011. Flocculating and suspending properties of commercial Citrus pectin and pectin extracted from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel. Carbohydr. Polym. 83, 561–568. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.018
Ruiz, L., Ruiz, L., MacO, M., Cobos, M., Gutierrez-Choquevilca, A.L., Roumy, V., 2011. Plants used by native Amazonian groups from the Nanay River (Peru) for the treatment of malaria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 917–921. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.039
Ryley, J., Peters, W., 1970. The antimalarial activity of some quinone esters. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 84, 209–222.
Singh, P., Shukla, R., Prakash, B., Kumar, A., Singh, S., Mishra, P.K., Dubey, N.K., 2010. Chemical profile, antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity of Citrus maximaBurm. andCitrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck essential oils and their cyclic monoterpene, DL-limonene. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 1734–1740. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.001
Sotanaphun, U., Chaidedgumjorn, A., Kitcharoen, N., Satiraphan, M., Asavapichayont, P., Sriamornsak, P., 2012. Preparation of Pectin from Fruit Peel of Citrus maxima. SilpakornU Sci. Tech J 6, 42–48.
Toma, A., Deyno, S., Fikru, A., Eyado, A., Beale, A., 2015. In vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of crude ethanol extract of Echinops kebericho traditionally used in treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. Malar. J. 14, 196. doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0716-1
Trease, G., Evans, W., 1989. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 13th ed. ed. BailliereTinall Ltd, London.p.599.
Wang, L., Wang, J., Fang, L., Zheng, Z., Zhi, D., Wang, S., Li, S., Ho, C.T., Zhao, H., 2014. Anticancer Activities of Citrus Peel Polymethoxyflavones Related to Angiogenesis and Others. Biomed Res. Int. doi:10.1155/2014/453972