SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF MOSQUITO SPECIESIN A RAINFOREST COMMUNITY OF SOUTHEAST NIGERIA
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vector of parasitic diseases. This study was conducted in Awka South LGA, Anambra State, between October 2017 and September 2018to determine the effects of rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity on mosquito species abundance and diversity. Outdoor and indoor adult mosquitoes were collected using the Centers for Disease Control light traps and pyrethrum spray catch methods, respectively. Line graphs were used to show the response of monthly rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity to the abundance of mosquito population. Pearson correlation were used to determine the relationships between rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, and the abundance of the adult mosquitoes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson’s dominance indices was calculated for all mosquito species collected. Seven mosquito species, composed of 2,663 adult mosquitoes were collected. Anopheles gambiae, An. funestus, Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were collected both indoors and outdoors while C. annulioris and Eretmapodites chrysogaster were collected outdoors. At the onset of wet season, adult mosquito population increased rapidly from 279 in April to507 September when the temperature was least at 26.0ºC with outdoor relative humidity of 90%.Adult mosquito population was positively and strongly correlated with rainfall (r=0.897) and relative humidity (r=0.700) but negatively correlated with temperature (r=-0.775).Culex quinquefasciatus had the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index(0.107), and Simpson’s dominance index(0.495). Rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity patterns influenced the abundance of mosquitoes and should be considered during control interventions.
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Irikannu, K. C., Onyido, A. E., Ogaraku, J. C., Umeanaeto, P. U., Nzeukwu, C. I., Obiefule, I. E., Aniefuna, C. O., Elosiuba, N. V., & Onwuachusi, G. L. (2023). SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF MOSQUITO SPECIESIN A RAINFOREST COMMUNITY OF SOUTHEAST NIGERIA. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(1), 71-80. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/140
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References
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Drakou, K., Nikolaou, T., Vasquez, M., Petric, D., Michaelakis, A., Kapranas, A., Papatheodoulou, A. and Koliou, M. (2020). The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17:1403
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Krebs, C.J. (1972). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
Mboera, L., Kihonda J., Braks., M. and Knols, B. (1998). Influence of centers for disease control light trap position, relative to a human-baited bed net, on catches of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 59:595–596.
Mutero, C.M., Nga’ang’a, P.N., Wekoyela, P., Githure, J. and Konradsen, F (2004).Ammonium sulfate fertilizer increases mosquitoes in rice field Acta Tropica,89:187-192.
NPC (2006).National Population Commission. Population Census of Nigeria. Population distribution in Local Government Areas by Sex and Number of Households.
(Ogbeibu, A.E. (2005). Biostatistics: A practical approach to research and data handling. Mindex Publishing Company Limited, Benin City.
Okonkwo, N.J., Obiechina, I.O., Ugha, C.N., Irikannu, K.C., Obianumba, S.N., Okoye-Uzochukwu, C.I., Iwuora, O.I., and Chinweoke, J.O. (2014).Mosquito species composition in Oba, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Researcher, 6(8):51-56.
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Onwuzulike, I.V., Onyebueke, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Nzeukwu, C.I., Ogbonna, C.U., Nwangwu, R.L. and Ochiaka, C.S. (2021a). Relative abundance and diversity of man-biting mosquito species before and after indoor residual spraying programme in Awka and Environs, Anambra State, Nigeria. Trends in Entomology, 17:57-66.
Onwuzulike, I.V., Onyebueke, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Nzeukwu, C.I., Ochiaka, C.S. and Nwangwu, R.L. (2021b). Infectivity rate of anopheles mosquito species and the community perception after indoor residual spraying programme in Awka and Environs, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Mosquito Research,8(2):70-76.
Onyido, A.E., Ezeani, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Umeaneto, P.U., Egbuche, C.M., Chikezie, F.M. and Ugha, C.N. (2016). Anthropophilic mosquito species prevalence in Nibo Community, Awka South LGA, Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. Ewemen Journal of Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine, 2(1):14-20.
Onyido., A.E., Ezike, V.I., Nwankwo, E.A. and Ozumba, N.A., (2006). Public health implications of giant trees in the proximity of G.R.A of Enugu Metropolis in South-Eastern Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 7:140-143.
Paaijmans, K.P., Imbahale, S.S., Thomas, M.B., Takken, W. (2010) Relevant microclimate for determining the development rate of malaria mosquitoes and possible implications of climate change, Malaria J., 9:196-200
Rogers, D.J. and Randolph, S.E. (2006).Climate change and vector-borne diseases. Advanced Parasitology, 62:345-381
Sara, E.J. (1990). The bionomic of mosquitoes in selected sites in Maiduguri, unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.118pp.
Service, M.W. (2008). Medical Entomology for Students Mosquitoes (Culicidae).Liverpool Science of Tropical Medicine 4th Edition. Pp 16.
Simon-Oke, I.A. and Olofintoye, L.K. (2015).The Effect of Climatic Factors on the Distribution and Abundance of Mosquito Vectors in Ekiti State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(9):142-146.
Thu H.M., Aye, K.M., Thein, S. (1998). The effect of temperature and humidity on dengue virus propagation in Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Southeast Asian. J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health, 29:280-284
Umeanaeto, P.U., Asogwa, A.N., Onyido, A.E., Irikannu, K.C and Ifeanyichukwu, M.O. (2017).The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes and Their Implication in Disease Transmission in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Female Hostels Awka, Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2(4):1551-1556
Uttah, E.C., Wokem, G.N and Okonofua, C. (2013).The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria, ISRN Zoology.2013:640691.
Weather Atlas. Available at online at. https://www.weather-nga.com/en/nigeria/awka
Bruce-Chwatt, L.J. (1991). Essential Malariology. Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. London 462 pp.
Craig, M.H., Snow, R.W., and Le Sueur, D. (1999).A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitology Today, 15(3):105-111.
Drakou, K., Nikolaou, T., Vasquez, M., Petric, D., Michaelakis, A., Kapranas, A., Papatheodoulou, A. and Koliou, M. (2020). The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17:1403
Egbuche, C.M., Onyido, A.E., Umeanaeto, P.U., Nwankwo, E.N., Omah, I.F., Ukonze, C.B., Okeke, J.J., Ezihe, C.K., Irikannu K.C., Aniekwe, M.I., Ogbodo, J.C and Enyinnaya, J.O. (2020).Anopheles species composition and some climatic factors that influence their survival and population abundance in Anambra East LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Parasitology, 41(2):240-250.
Ezihe, E.K., Chikezie, F.M., Egbuche, C.M., Nwankwo, E.N., Onyido, A.E., Aribodor, D. and Samdi, M.L. (2017). Seasonal distribution and micro-climatic factors influencing the abundance of malaria vectors in south-east Nigeria, Journal of Mosquito Research, 7(3): 15-26.
Gillet, J.D. (1972).Common African Mosquitoes and their Medical Importance. William Heinemann Medical Books Limited, London. Pp. 36
Gillies, M.T. and Coetzee, B.A (1987).Supplementary to Anophelinae of Africa, South of Sahara (Afro- Tropical Region), South Africa Institute of Medical Research, 55:1-143.
Gillies, M.T. and De Meillon, B. (1968). The Anophelinae of Africa, South of Sahara, Johanesburg. South Africa Institute of Medical Research. 54:343-344.
Ikpo, A.U., Nwaorgu, O.C., Irikannu, K.C., Aniefuna, C.O., Anumba, J.U. and Ezemuoka, L.C. (2021a). Insecticide resistance and target site mutations (G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 9(4):111-117.
Ikpo, A.U., Nwaorgu, O.C., Irikannu, K.C., Anumba, J.U., Ezemuoka, L.C and Aniefuna, C.O. (2021b).Molecular characterization of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from three senatorial districts in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 9(4):106-110.
Irikannu, K.C., Onyido, A.E., Nwankwo, E.N., Umeanaeto, P.U., Onwube, O., Ogaraku, J. C., Ezeagwuna, D.A., Onyebueke, A.C. and Okoduwa A.U. (2020).A Survey of Man-biting Mosquito Species in a Tropical Rainforest Community in the Southeastern Nigeria. Environment and Ecology, 38(3):290-299.
Irikannu, K.C., Onyido, A.E., Umeanaeto, P.U., Onwube, O., Ogaraku, J.C., Egbuche, C.M., Oyeniyi, A.T., Adesalu, O.O. and Jimoh, T.R. (2019).Molecular characterization and malaria transmission potential of Anopheles gambiae complex in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 6(6):96-101.
Irikannu, K.C. and Chuhwuekezie, O.C. (2015).Malaria and man-biting mosquitoes in tropical Africa. Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3-659-76718-0.
Irikannu, K.C., Nwalioba, E.C., Umeanaeto, P.U., Nzeukwu, C.I., Aniefuna, C.O., Obiefule, I.E., Onwuachusi, G.L., Elosiuba, N.V. and Uzochukwu, C.U. (2022).Composition of Mosquito Species and Physiological States of Indoor Man-Biting Mosquitoes at Nteje, South-Eastern Nigeria. The Bioscientist, 10(1):113-122.
Irikannu, K.C., Onyido, A.E., Umeanaeto, P.U., Onyebueke, A.C., Nzeukwu, C.I., Ogbonna, C.U., Ezeagwuna, D.A., Ogaraku, J.C. and Asogwa, K.K. (2021). Breeding ecology and physicochemical properties of mosquito breeding sites in Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Trends in Entomology. 17:35-42.
Krebs, C.J. (1972). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
Mboera, L., Kihonda J., Braks., M. and Knols, B. (1998). Influence of centers for disease control light trap position, relative to a human-baited bed net, on catches of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus in Tanzania. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 59:595–596.
Mutero, C.M., Nga’ang’a, P.N., Wekoyela, P., Githure, J. and Konradsen, F (2004).Ammonium sulfate fertilizer increases mosquitoes in rice field Acta Tropica,89:187-192.
NPC (2006).National Population Commission. Population Census of Nigeria. Population distribution in Local Government Areas by Sex and Number of Households.
(Ogbeibu, A.E. (2005). Biostatistics: A practical approach to research and data handling. Mindex Publishing Company Limited, Benin City.
Okonkwo, N.J., Obiechina, I.O., Ugha, C.N., Irikannu, K.C., Obianumba, S.N., Okoye-Uzochukwu, C.I., Iwuora, O.I., and Chinweoke, J.O. (2014).Mosquito species composition in Oba, Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Researcher, 6(8):51-56.
Onuoha, J.K., Okparaeke, G., Kalu, I.N., Bassi, B.P., Onyeke, I., Okparaku, U.D., Ozoh, J.E., Okpanku, H.O, and Nkwocha, C. (2011).Research Methodology for behavioural Science. Cape publishers Int’l LTD. Pg 170.
Onwuzulike, I.V., Onyebueke, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Nzeukwu, C.I., Ogbonna, C.U., Nwangwu, R.L. and Ochiaka, C.S. (2021a). Relative abundance and diversity of man-biting mosquito species before and after indoor residual spraying programme in Awka and Environs, Anambra State, Nigeria. Trends in Entomology, 17:57-66.
Onwuzulike, I.V., Onyebueke, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Nzeukwu, C.I., Ochiaka, C.S. and Nwangwu, R.L. (2021b). Infectivity rate of anopheles mosquito species and the community perception after indoor residual spraying programme in Awka and Environs, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Mosquito Research,8(2):70-76.
Onyido, A.E., Ezeani, A.C., Irikannu, K.C., Umeaneto, P.U., Egbuche, C.M., Chikezie, F.M. and Ugha, C.N. (2016). Anthropophilic mosquito species prevalence in Nibo Community, Awka South LGA, Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. Ewemen Journal of Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine, 2(1):14-20.
Onyido., A.E., Ezike, V.I., Nwankwo, E.A. and Ozumba, N.A., (2006). Public health implications of giant trees in the proximity of G.R.A of Enugu Metropolis in South-Eastern Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 7:140-143.
Paaijmans, K.P., Imbahale, S.S., Thomas, M.B., Takken, W. (2010) Relevant microclimate for determining the development rate of malaria mosquitoes and possible implications of climate change, Malaria J., 9:196-200
Rogers, D.J. and Randolph, S.E. (2006).Climate change and vector-borne diseases. Advanced Parasitology, 62:345-381
Sara, E.J. (1990). The bionomic of mosquitoes in selected sites in Maiduguri, unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.118pp.
Service, M.W. (2008). Medical Entomology for Students Mosquitoes (Culicidae).Liverpool Science of Tropical Medicine 4th Edition. Pp 16.
Simon-Oke, I.A. and Olofintoye, L.K. (2015).The Effect of Climatic Factors on the Distribution and Abundance of Mosquito Vectors in Ekiti State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(9):142-146.
Thu H.M., Aye, K.M., Thein, S. (1998). The effect of temperature and humidity on dengue virus propagation in Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Southeast Asian. J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health, 29:280-284
Umeanaeto, P.U., Asogwa, A.N., Onyido, A.E., Irikannu, K.C and Ifeanyichukwu, M.O. (2017).The Parity Rate of Indoor-Resting Adult Female Anopheles and Culex Mosquitoes and Their Implication in Disease Transmission in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Female Hostels Awka, Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2(4):1551-1556
Uttah, E.C., Wokem, G.N and Okonofua, C. (2013).The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria, ISRN Zoology.2013:640691.
Weather Atlas. Available at online at. https://www.weather-nga.com/en/nigeria/awka