THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYTOPHARMACA OF EXTRACTS GARCINIA KOLA(HECKEL) ROOT ON CHANGES INBODY WEIGHT, SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HISTOLOGICAL PROFILES OF WISTAR RATS
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Abstract
The effect of solvents extracts of G. kola administered to rats at 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg for two weeks was investigated on body weight and serum biochemical parameters using standard analytical-biochemical methods. The extracts at all doses investigated proved that only the 250 mg/kg of the aqueous and methanolroot extracts were able to reduce rat’s body weights. Rats given the methanol extract had no significant differences in the values of AST, total protein, cholesterol, total bilirubin, and urea whereas had significantly increased ALP activity, and albumin content (at all doses used) and direct bilirubin (at 250 mg/ kg), compared to control (p<0.05). Rats dosed with the aqueousextract showed higher AST activity but comparable ALT and ALP activities to that of control. Compared to control values total protein and D.Bwere significantly lower in the three treated groups, T.B and albumin were significantly lower at the 250 and 500 dose levels (p<0.05). Cholesterol was significantly low in the 250 dose group and no significant difference was observed for urea levels. In the vital organ, there were no lesions or evidence of hepatotoxicity. The little alterations in some parameters indicated that the root extracts of G. kola possess slight toxicity. Therefore, crude extracts of rootshould be taken with caution for safety.
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Ojatula, A. O., & Enoyoze, G. E. (2023). THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYTOPHARMACA OF EXTRACTS GARCINIA KOLA(HECKEL) ROOT ON CHANGES INBODY WEIGHT, SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HISTOLOGICAL PROFILES OF WISTAR RATS. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(2), 128-139. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/147
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References
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Mumoli, N. and Cosimi, A. (2006). Drug-related hepatotoxicity New English Journal of Medicine, 354(20): 21-91.
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Obakiro, S. B., Kiprop, A., Kigondu, E., K’owino, I., Kiyimba, K., Kato, C. D. et al. (2021). Sub-acute toxicity effects of methanolic stem bark extract of Entada abyssinica on biochemical, haematological, and histopathological parameters in wistar albino rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12: 1-12.
Ojatula, A. O. (2019). Effects of Pausinystalia yohimbe methanol root extract on some cardiovascular and haematological variables in wistar rats. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 18(1): 142-147.
Ojatula, A. O. (2020). Preliminary assessment of acute and 14-days repeated dose oral toxicity of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille methanol root extract on experimental rats. PhytoChem and BioSub Journal, 14(3): 191-202.
Ojatula, A. O. (2022). Quantification of phytochemical and metabolomics profiling of the Nigerian’s botanical aphrodisiac Microdesmis keayana (Microdesmis) J. Leonard (Pandaceae) root. Daagu International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 4(1): 1-15.
Ojatula, A. O. and Nwanja, N. (2023). In-vitro Studies of the Medicinal Plant Microdesmis keayana Methanol Leaves Extract Phytocomponents by GCMS Analysis: A Further Evidence for its Phytomedicinal Potentials in Enhancement of Reproductive Functions. Arid-Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 2(1): 192-202.
Ojatula, A. O., Tawose, F. O. and Erinoso, S. M. (2023). Studies on in-vitro bioactivity of Icacina trichantha methanol seed extract. International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability, 9(1): 105-117.
Ojatula, A. O., Oshodi, A. R. and Adetutu, H. B. (2023). In-vitro evaluation of potential antioxidant properties of Eleusine indica and in-vivo visceral organ protective effect of higher-dose of the phytoextract in normotensive rats. RSU Journal of Biology and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 55-67.
Ojiako, O. and Nwanjo, H. (2006). Is Vernonia amygdalina hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Answers from biochemical and toxicological studies in rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(18): 1648-1651.
Orie, N. N. and Ekon, E. U. (1993). The bronchodilator effects of Garcinia kola- Preview. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22:172-201.
Ouedraogo, Y., Guissou, I. and Nacoulma, O. (2007). Biological and toxicology study of aqueous root extract from Mitragyna inermis (Willd Oktze) Rubiaceae. International Journal of Pharmacology, 3: 80-85.
Rolls, B. (2000). The role of energy density in the over consumption of fat. Journal of Nutrition, 130: 268–271.
Rousseaux, C. and Schachter, H. (2003). Regulatory issues concerning the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal remedies. Birth defects research. Part B. Development of Reproductive Toxicology, 68: 505-510.
Tietz, N. (1994). Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 156p.
Tugume, P. and Nyakoojo, C. (2019). Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbalremedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri District, Uganda. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(353): 1-10.
Wintola, O., Sunmonu, T. and Afolayan, A. (2010). The effect of Aloe ferox in the treatment of loperamide-induced constipation in Wistar rats. BMC Gastroenterology, 10: 81-95.
Yakubu, M., Afolayan, A. and Akanji, M. (2007) Effect of repeated administration of sildenafil citrate on selected enzyme activities of liver and kidney of male albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Pure Applied Sciences, 18: 1395-1400.
Yan, C., Tianc, D., Zhangc, C., Zhang, Q. and Sun, Y. (2023). Evaluation of blood cellular and biochemical parameters in rats undera chronic hypoxic environment at high altitude. Annals of Medicine, 55(1): 898–907.
Yeshi, K., Crayn, D., Ritmejeryt˙e, E. and Wangchuk, P. (2022). Plant secondary metabolites produced in response to abiotic stresses has potential application in pharmaceuticalproduct development. Molecules, 27(313): 1-32.
Akanmu, A. M., Hassen, A., and Adejoro, F. A. (2020). Haematology and serum biochemical indices of lambs supplemented with Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas and Aloe vera leaves extracts as antimethanogenic additives. Antibiotics, 9(9): 1–7.
Ali, Z. and Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian Journal of Anaesthetics, 60: 662-669.
Ashafa, A. and Olunu, O. (2011). Toxicological evaluation of methanolic root extract of Morinda Lucida (L) Benth. (Rubiaceae) in male Wistar rats. Journal of Nature and Pharmacy, 2: 108-114.
Ashafa, A., Sunmonu T. and Afolayan, A. (2009). Effect of aqueous leaf extracts from the leaves of Chrysocoma ciliate L. on some biochemical parameters of Wistar rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 1425-1430.
Ashafa, A., Sunmonu T. and Afolayan, A. (2010). Toxicological evaluation of aqueous leaf and berry extracts of Phytolacca dioical in male Wistar rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 48: 1886-1889.
Atere, T. and Ajao, A. (2009). Toxicological implications of crude alkaloidal fraction from
Gnestis ferruginea D. C. root on liver function indices of male Wistar rats. International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 5(3): 1189-1195.
Azaizeh, E., Baxter, T. and Baxter, A. (2003). Ethnobotanical knowledge of local Arab practitioners in the Middle Eastern region. Fitoterapia, 74: 98-108.
Baxter, G. and Stanners, C. (1987). The Effect of Protein Degradation on Cellular Growth Characteristics. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 96: 139-145.
Bents, K. (2004). Commonly used herbal medicines in the United States: a review American Journal of Medicine, 116: 478-485.
Blaide, V. D. (1991). Pharmacology effects of chronic ingestion of Garcinia kola Seeds in the rats. Phtotherapy Research, 4:39-41.
Bush, B. (1991). Interpretation of laboratory results of small animal clinicians. Blackwell Scientific Publication. London. 213p.
Da Roch, A., Lopes, R. and Schwartsmann, G. (2001). Natural products in anticancer therapy.
Journal of Current Opinion of Cancer, 1: 364-369.
Dhanotiya, R. (2004). Textbook of Veterinary Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Limited, India. 444p.
Dogara, A. M., Hamad, S. W., Hama, H. A., Bradosty, S. W., Kayfi, S., Al-Rawi, S. S. et al. (2022). Biological Evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1: 1-15.
Firenzuoli, F. and Cori, L. (2007). Herbal medicine today: Clinical and research issues. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4: 37-40.
Fransworth, N. (1994). Ethanopharmacology and drug development in: Ethanobotany and the Search for New Drugs. Ciba Foundation Symposium. John Wiley and Sons Publisher, Chichester. 59p.
Ghasemi, A., Jeddi, S. and Kashfi, K. (2021). The laboratory rat: age and body weight matter. EXCLI Journal, 20:1431-1445
Harborne, J. (1973). Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plants Analysis. Champnan and Hall Press, University of Reading, London. 125p.
Hostettmann, K. and Maston, A. (2002). Twenty years of research into medicinal plants: results and perspectives. Phytochemistry Review, 1: 275-285.
Kaneko, J. and Cornelius, C. (1985). Clinical Biochemical Study of Domestic Animals. Academic Press, New York. 1143p.
Konate, E. A., Konate, D. and Cornelius, S. (2011). Biological and toxicological effects of aqueous acetone extract of Cienfuegosia digitata in mice and rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 6(2): 149-157.
Mohammed, E., Ronald, S. and Mathew, T. (2010). Hypoglycemic activity of Buccholzia coricea (Capparaceae) seedsin streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 10: 10-16.
Mumoli, N. and Cosimi, A. (2006). Drug-related hepatotoxicity New English Journal of Medicine, 354(20): 21-91.
Naganna, B. (1989). Plasma proteins. In: Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology, 2nd Edition. (Tawlar, G., Srivastava, L. and Moudgils, K., Editors). Prentice Hall of India Private Limited., New Delhi, 181p.
Nwanjo, H. (2007). Studies on the effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaf on plasma glucose level and some hepatospecific markers in diabetic Wistar rats. The International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 2(2): 17-21.
Obakiro, S. B., Kiprop, A., Kigondu, E., K’owino, I., Kiyimba, K., Kato, C. D. et al. (2021). Sub-acute toxicity effects of methanolic stem bark extract of Entada abyssinica on biochemical, haematological, and histopathological parameters in wistar albino rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12: 1-12.
Ojatula, A. O. (2019). Effects of Pausinystalia yohimbe methanol root extract on some cardiovascular and haematological variables in wistar rats. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 18(1): 142-147.
Ojatula, A. O. (2020). Preliminary assessment of acute and 14-days repeated dose oral toxicity of Pausinystalia yohimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille methanol root extract on experimental rats. PhytoChem and BioSub Journal, 14(3): 191-202.
Ojatula, A. O. (2022). Quantification of phytochemical and metabolomics profiling of the Nigerian’s botanical aphrodisiac Microdesmis keayana (Microdesmis) J. Leonard (Pandaceae) root. Daagu International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 4(1): 1-15.
Ojatula, A. O. and Nwanja, N. (2023). In-vitro Studies of the Medicinal Plant Microdesmis keayana Methanol Leaves Extract Phytocomponents by GCMS Analysis: A Further Evidence for its Phytomedicinal Potentials in Enhancement of Reproductive Functions. Arid-Zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 2(1): 192-202.
Ojatula, A. O., Tawose, F. O. and Erinoso, S. M. (2023). Studies on in-vitro bioactivity of Icacina trichantha methanol seed extract. International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability, 9(1): 105-117.
Ojatula, A. O., Oshodi, A. R. and Adetutu, H. B. (2023). In-vitro evaluation of potential antioxidant properties of Eleusine indica and in-vivo visceral organ protective effect of higher-dose of the phytoextract in normotensive rats. RSU Journal of Biology and Applied Sciences, 3(1): 55-67.
Ojiako, O. and Nwanjo, H. (2006). Is Vernonia amygdalina hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Answers from biochemical and toxicological studies in rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(18): 1648-1651.
Orie, N. N. and Ekon, E. U. (1993). The bronchodilator effects of Garcinia kola- Preview. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22:172-201.
Ouedraogo, Y., Guissou, I. and Nacoulma, O. (2007). Biological and toxicology study of aqueous root extract from Mitragyna inermis (Willd Oktze) Rubiaceae. International Journal of Pharmacology, 3: 80-85.
Rolls, B. (2000). The role of energy density in the over consumption of fat. Journal of Nutrition, 130: 268–271.
Rousseaux, C. and Schachter, H. (2003). Regulatory issues concerning the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal remedies. Birth defects research. Part B. Development of Reproductive Toxicology, 68: 505-510.
Tietz, N. (1994). Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 156p.
Tugume, P. and Nyakoojo, C. (2019). Ethno-pharmacological survey of herbalremedies used in the treatment of paediatric diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri District, Uganda. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19(353): 1-10.
Wintola, O., Sunmonu, T. and Afolayan, A. (2010). The effect of Aloe ferox in the treatment of loperamide-induced constipation in Wistar rats. BMC Gastroenterology, 10: 81-95.
Yakubu, M., Afolayan, A. and Akanji, M. (2007) Effect of repeated administration of sildenafil citrate on selected enzyme activities of liver and kidney of male albino rats. Nigerian Journal of Pure Applied Sciences, 18: 1395-1400.
Yan, C., Tianc, D., Zhangc, C., Zhang, Q. and Sun, Y. (2023). Evaluation of blood cellular and biochemical parameters in rats undera chronic hypoxic environment at high altitude. Annals of Medicine, 55(1): 898–907.
Yeshi, K., Crayn, D., Ritmejeryt˙e, E. and Wangchuk, P. (2022). Plant secondary metabolites produced in response to abiotic stresses has potential application in pharmaceuticalproduct development. Molecules, 27(313): 1-32.