Evaluation Of Vitamin Composition and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Peels
Main Article Content
Abstract
Inadequate vitamins in humans can cause significant impairment in cellular and immune functions, as well as trigger inflammatory responses. Boosting immunity with vitamins helps in prevention and treatment of many diseases. There is a need to search for diets rich in vitamins which can boost immunity. This study explored vitamin composition and
anti-inflammatory properties of cucumber peels using standard methods. The in-vitro
anti-inflammatory effects were measured on the ability of the ethanol extract of cucumber peels to inhibit proteinase activities, albumin denaturation, and stabilize erythrocyte membrane, using blood samples from laboratory rat, while Aspirin and Diclophenac Sodium served as reference drugs. Vitamins found in cucumber peels were A (0.35 ± 0.03 mg/g),
β-carotene (0.86±0.04mg/g), B₁ (1.14±0.38mg/g), B₂ (0.24±0.02mg/g), B₃ (0.71±0.03mg/g), B₆ (1.04±0.06mg/g), B₉ (0.66±0.01mg/g), C (1.58±0.01mg/g), D (1.11±0.01mg/g),
E (0.54±0.01mg/g), and K (0.78±0.01mg/g). The extracts inhibited proteinase activity, albumin denaturation, and stabilization of erythrocyte membrane in a concentration-dependent manner, and recorded maximum activities of 19.14% anti-proteinase, 26.78% inhibition of albumin denaturation, 12.92% inhibition of heat-induced haemolysis, and 26.90% inhibition of hypotonicity-induced haemolysis at the highest concentration of 500µg/ml. These results indicated that cucumber peels are good sources of vitamins and possess anti-inflammatory properties.
Article Details
How to Cite
Ani, O. N., Asogwa, K. K., & Onyishi, C. K. (2023). Evaluation Of Vitamin Composition and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Peels. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(2), 167-180. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/150
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Bilski, P., Li, M.Y., Ehrenshaft, M., Daub, M.E. and Chignell, C. (2000). Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and photobiology, 71(2):129-134.
Bishop, E.L., Ismailova, A., Dimeloe, S., Hewison, M. and White, J.H. (2021), Vitamin D and Immune Regulation: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory. JBMR Plus, 5: e10405. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10405.
Chikezie, P.C., Uwakwe, A.A. and Monago, C.C. (2010). Comparative osmotic fragility of three erythrocyte genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) of male participants administered with five antimalarial drugs. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(3):57-64.
Christakos, S., Hewison, M., Gardner, D.G., Wagner, C.L., Sergeev, I.N., Rutten, E., Pittas, A.G., Boland, R., Ferrucci, L. and Bikle, D.D. (2013). Vitamin D: beyond bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1287(1):45–58.
Doke, S.K and Dhawale, S.C. (2015). Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal; 23:223-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.002.
Eifediyi, K., Remison, S.V. and Kevin, E. (2010). Growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as influenced by farmyard manure. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 7:216-220.
El-Shabrany, O.A., El-Gindi, O.D., Melek, F.R., Abdel-Khalk, S.M. and Haggig, M.M. (1997). Biological properties of saponin mixtures of Fagoniacretica and Fagoniamollis. Fitoterapia, LXVIII:219e222.
Finklea, J.D., Grossmann, R.E. and Tangpricha, V. (2011). “Vitamin Dand chronic lung disease: a review of molecular mechanisms and clinical studies,” Advances in Nutrition, 2(3):244–253.
Fleet, J. C., Desmet, M., Johnson, R. and Li, Y. (2012). “Vitamin Dand cancer: a review of molecular mechanisms”. Biochemical Journal, 441(1):61–76.
Friso, S., Jacques, P.F., Wilson, P.W., Rosenberg, I.H. and Selhub, J. (2001). Low circulating vitamin B6 is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation, 103:2788–2791.
Gogte, V.M. (2000). Ayurevedic Pharmacology and therapeutic Uses of Medicinal Plants. Mumbai. Chaukhamba Publisher. p. 63.
Govindappa, M., Channabasava, R., Sowmya, D.V., Meenakshi, J., Shreevidya, M.R., Lavanya, A., Gustavo Santoyo and Sadananda, T.S. (2011). Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and in vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Endophytic Extracts from Loranthus sp. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3(25):82-90.
Gunathilake, K, Ranaweera K, Rupasinghe H. (2018). In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selected Green Leafy Vegetables. Biomed, 6(4):107.
Haussler, M.R., Whitfield, G.K., Kaneko, I., Foster, R., Saini, R., Hsieh, J, Haussler, C.A. and Jurutka, P.W. (2012). The role of vitamin D in the FGF23, klotho, and phosphate bone- kidney endocrine axis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 13(1):57– 69.
Hu, F.B. (2003). Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: An overview. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3):544S-551S.
Huang, S., Ruigiang, L.I. and Songgang, L.I. (2009). The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus. National Genetics, 41:1275-1281.
Ikram, E.H.K., Eng, K.H., Jalil, A.M.M., Ismail, A., Idris, S. and Azlan, A. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of Malaysian Underutilised fruits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22(5):388-393.
Kaneai, N., Arai, M., Takatsu, H., Fukui, K. and Urano, S. (2012). Vitamin E inhibits oxidative stress-induced denaturation of nerve terminal proteins involve in neurotransmission. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease, 28:183-189.
Leelaprakash, G. and Mohan D.S. (2010). Invitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Enicostem maaxillare. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 3:311
Medzhitov, R. (2008). Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature, 454:428-435.
Meems, L.M.G., van der Harst, P., van Gilst, W.H. and de Boer, R.A. (2011). “Vitamin D biology in heart failure: molecular mechanisms and systematic review”. Current Drug Targets, 12(1):29–41.
Middleton, E. (1996). Biological properties of plant flavonoids: an overview. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 34:344e348.
Ohta, B.K. and Foote, C.S. (2002). Characterisation of endoperoxide and hydroperoxide intermediates in the reaction of pyridoxine with singlet oxygen. Journal of American Chemical Society, 124(41):12064-12065.
Oyedepo. O.O. and Femurewa A.J. (1995) Anti‐protease and membrane stabilizing activities of extracts of Fagara zanthoxiloides, Olax subscorpioides and Tetrapleura tetraptera. International Journal of Pharmacongnosy, 33: 65‐69.
Riccioni, G., D'orazio, N., Menna, V. and De Lorenzo, A. (2003). Fat soluble vitamins and immune system: an overview. European Journal of Inflammation, 1(2):59-64.
Sadique, J., Al-Rqodah, W.A., Baghhath, M.F. and El-Ginay, R.R. (1989). The bioactivity of certain medicinal plants on the stabilization of the RBC system. Fitoterapia, 66:525e532.
Sangeetha, G. and Vidhya, R. (2016). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of Pedalium murex (L.). International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(3):31-36.
Semba, R.D. (1998). The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutrition. Reviews, 56:38.
Sheila, J., Priyadarshini, S., Sarah, J.M., Sivaraj, C. and Arumugam, P. (2018). In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cucumis sativus L. peel extracts. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 9(1):56-60.
Shinde, U.A., Kulkarni, K.R. Phadke, A.S. Dikshit V.J. Mungantiwar A.M. and Saraf M.N. (1999). Mast cell stabilizing and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of Cedrusdeodara Wood Oil. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 37(3):258-261.
Sorice, A., Guerriero, E., Capone, F., Colonna, G., Castello, G. and Costantini, S. (2014). Ascorbic acid: its role in immune system and chronic inflammation diseases. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 14(5):444-452.
Spinas, E., Saggini, A., Kritas, S.K., Cerulli, G., Caraffa, A., Antinolfi, P., Frydas, A., Tei, M., Speziali, A., Saggini, R., Pandolfi, F. and Conti, P. (2015). Crosstalk between vitamin B and immunity. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 29(2):283-288.
Stephensen, C.B., Rasooly, R., Jiang, X., Ceddia, M.A. Weaver, C.T., Chandraratna, R.A. and Bucy, R.P. (2002). Vitamin A enhances in vitro Th2 development viaretinoid X receptor pathway. Journal of Immunology, 168:4495
Taysi, S. (2005). Oxidant/antioxidant status in liver tissue of vitamin B6 deficient rats. Clinical Nutrition, 24(3):385-389
Umar, M.I, Altaf, R., Iqbal, M.A. and Sadiq, M.B. (2010). In vivo experimental models to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of herbal extracts (Review). Science International (Lahore), 22(3):199-203.
Virek, E., Mark, M. and Fred, M. (2017). Phytochemical and proximate composition of cucumber. Journal of Biotechnology, 38:1215- 1219.
Wang, X. and Quinn, P.J. (1999). Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research, 38(4):309-336.
Zhang, L. and Liu, Y. (2020). Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5):479-490.
Zheng, S., Tu, L., Cicuttini, F., Han, W., Meng, T., Aitken, D., Blizzard, L., Jones, G. and Ding, C. (2018). Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on Depressive symptoms in patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(12):1634-1640.
AOAC (2005). Official method of analysis. 16th Edition. Association of Official Analystical Chemists, Washington D.C., USA.pp. 200-210.
Babar, Q, Ali, A., Saeed, A. and Tahir, M.F. (2021). Novel Treatment Strategy against COVID-19 through Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Immunostimulatory Properties of the B Vitamin Complex. In (Ed.), B-Complex Vitamins - Sources, Intakes and Novel Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/100251.
Bilski, P., Li, M.Y., Ehrenshaft, M., Daub, M.E. and Chignell, C. (2000). Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and photobiology, 71(2):129-134.
Bishop, E.L., Ismailova, A., Dimeloe, S., Hewison, M. and White, J.H. (2021), Vitamin D and Immune Regulation: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory. JBMR Plus, 5: e10405. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10405.
Chikezie, P.C., Uwakwe, A.A. and Monago, C.C. (2010). Comparative osmotic fragility of three erythrocyte genotypes (HbAA, HbAS and HbSS) of male participants administered with five antimalarial drugs. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(3):57-64.
Christakos, S., Hewison, M., Gardner, D.G., Wagner, C.L., Sergeev, I.N., Rutten, E., Pittas, A.G., Boland, R., Ferrucci, L. and Bikle, D.D. (2013). Vitamin D: beyond bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1287(1):45–58.
Doke, S.K and Dhawale, S.C. (2015). Alternatives to animal testing: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal; 23:223-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.002.
Eifediyi, K., Remison, S.V. and Kevin, E. (2010). Growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as influenced by farmyard manure. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 7:216-220.
El-Shabrany, O.A., El-Gindi, O.D., Melek, F.R., Abdel-Khalk, S.M. and Haggig, M.M. (1997). Biological properties of saponin mixtures of Fagoniacretica and Fagoniamollis. Fitoterapia, LXVIII:219e222.
Finklea, J.D., Grossmann, R.E. and Tangpricha, V. (2011). “Vitamin Dand chronic lung disease: a review of molecular mechanisms and clinical studies,” Advances in Nutrition, 2(3):244–253.
Fleet, J. C., Desmet, M., Johnson, R. and Li, Y. (2012). “Vitamin Dand cancer: a review of molecular mechanisms”. Biochemical Journal, 441(1):61–76.
Friso, S., Jacques, P.F., Wilson, P.W., Rosenberg, I.H. and Selhub, J. (2001). Low circulating vitamin B6 is associated with elevation of the inflammation marker C-reactive protein independently of plasma homocysteine levels. Circulation, 103:2788–2791.
Gogte, V.M. (2000). Ayurevedic Pharmacology and therapeutic Uses of Medicinal Plants. Mumbai. Chaukhamba Publisher. p. 63.
Govindappa, M., Channabasava, R., Sowmya, D.V., Meenakshi, J., Shreevidya, M.R., Lavanya, A., Gustavo Santoyo and Sadananda, T.S. (2011). Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and in vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Endophytic Extracts from Loranthus sp. Pharmacognosy Journal, 3(25):82-90.
Gunathilake, K, Ranaweera K, Rupasinghe H. (2018). In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selected Green Leafy Vegetables. Biomed, 6(4):107.
Haussler, M.R., Whitfield, G.K., Kaneko, I., Foster, R., Saini, R., Hsieh, J, Haussler, C.A. and Jurutka, P.W. (2012). The role of vitamin D in the FGF23, klotho, and phosphate bone- kidney endocrine axis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 13(1):57– 69.
Hu, F.B. (2003). Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular diseases: An overview. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3):544S-551S.
Huang, S., Ruigiang, L.I. and Songgang, L.I. (2009). The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus. National Genetics, 41:1275-1281.
Ikram, E.H.K., Eng, K.H., Jalil, A.M.M., Ismail, A., Idris, S. and Azlan, A. (2009). Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of Malaysian Underutilised fruits. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22(5):388-393.
Kaneai, N., Arai, M., Takatsu, H., Fukui, K. and Urano, S. (2012). Vitamin E inhibits oxidative stress-induced denaturation of nerve terminal proteins involve in neurotransmission. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease, 28:183-189.
Leelaprakash, G. and Mohan D.S. (2010). Invitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Enicostem maaxillare. International Journal of Drug Development and Research, 3:311
Medzhitov, R. (2008). Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature, 454:428-435.
Meems, L.M.G., van der Harst, P., van Gilst, W.H. and de Boer, R.A. (2011). “Vitamin D biology in heart failure: molecular mechanisms and systematic review”. Current Drug Targets, 12(1):29–41.
Middleton, E. (1996). Biological properties of plant flavonoids: an overview. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 34:344e348.
Ohta, B.K. and Foote, C.S. (2002). Characterisation of endoperoxide and hydroperoxide intermediates in the reaction of pyridoxine with singlet oxygen. Journal of American Chemical Society, 124(41):12064-12065.
Oyedepo. O.O. and Femurewa A.J. (1995) Anti‐protease and membrane stabilizing activities of extracts of Fagara zanthoxiloides, Olax subscorpioides and Tetrapleura tetraptera. International Journal of Pharmacongnosy, 33: 65‐69.
Riccioni, G., D'orazio, N., Menna, V. and De Lorenzo, A. (2003). Fat soluble vitamins and immune system: an overview. European Journal of Inflammation, 1(2):59-64.
Sadique, J., Al-Rqodah, W.A., Baghhath, M.F. and El-Ginay, R.R. (1989). The bioactivity of certain medicinal plants on the stabilization of the RBC system. Fitoterapia, 66:525e532.
Sangeetha, G. and Vidhya, R. (2016). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of Pedalium murex (L.). International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(3):31-36.
Semba, R.D. (1998). The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutrition. Reviews, 56:38.
Sheila, J., Priyadarshini, S., Sarah, J.M., Sivaraj, C. and Arumugam, P. (2018). In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cucumis sativus L. peel extracts. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 9(1):56-60.
Shinde, U.A., Kulkarni, K.R. Phadke, A.S. Dikshit V.J. Mungantiwar A.M. and Saraf M.N. (1999). Mast cell stabilizing and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of Cedrusdeodara Wood Oil. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 37(3):258-261.
Sorice, A., Guerriero, E., Capone, F., Colonna, G., Castello, G. and Costantini, S. (2014). Ascorbic acid: its role in immune system and chronic inflammation diseases. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 14(5):444-452.
Spinas, E., Saggini, A., Kritas, S.K., Cerulli, G., Caraffa, A., Antinolfi, P., Frydas, A., Tei, M., Speziali, A., Saggini, R., Pandolfi, F. and Conti, P. (2015). Crosstalk between vitamin B and immunity. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 29(2):283-288.
Stephensen, C.B., Rasooly, R., Jiang, X., Ceddia, M.A. Weaver, C.T., Chandraratna, R.A. and Bucy, R.P. (2002). Vitamin A enhances in vitro Th2 development viaretinoid X receptor pathway. Journal of Immunology, 168:4495
Taysi, S. (2005). Oxidant/antioxidant status in liver tissue of vitamin B6 deficient rats. Clinical Nutrition, 24(3):385-389
Umar, M.I, Altaf, R., Iqbal, M.A. and Sadiq, M.B. (2010). In vivo experimental models to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of herbal extracts (Review). Science International (Lahore), 22(3):199-203.
Virek, E., Mark, M. and Fred, M. (2017). Phytochemical and proximate composition of cucumber. Journal of Biotechnology, 38:1215- 1219.
Wang, X. and Quinn, P.J. (1999). Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Progress in Lipid Research, 38(4):309-336.
Zhang, L. and Liu, Y. (2020). Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5):479-490.
Zheng, S., Tu, L., Cicuttini, F., Han, W., Meng, T., Aitken, D., Blizzard, L., Jones, G. and Ding, C. (2018). Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on Depressive symptoms in patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(12):1634-1640.