Screening of Locally Available Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) for Repellency Action against Aedes aegypti
Main Article Content
Abstract
In Nigeria, re-emergence of diseases caused by Aedes mosquito borne pathogens, and challenges associated with existing control tools occur. This necessitates an improved insecticide-based tool for use in Integrated Vector Management. So, repellent action of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) on Aedes aegypti (Linn.) was tested. The EO from C. citratus plant sourced from Awka, was extracted by hydro distillation, and the phytochemicals analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Repellent action of the EO on unfed Ae. aegypti was assessed using "WHO arm-in-cage" method. In triplicate, arms of human volunteers were treated with different concentrations (50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 % v/v) of the EO and submitted to 25-caged, unfed Ae. aegypti for 1 minute in every 30 minutes. β-cedrenes, kaempferol, and thujopsene dominated the 13 phytochemicals identified. The standard (Odomos®) and all EO concentrations recorded 100 % repellency on application. At 30 minutes, EC99.9 value was25.0 %, concentrations ≥ 62.5 % v/v gave 100 % repellency (p > 0.05). At 60 minutes, EC99.9 value was 30.68 %, concentrations ≥ 12.5 % v/v gave 100 % repellency (p > 0.05). At 90 to 120 minutes, 50 % concentration maintained 100 % repellency (p < 0.05), EC99.9 value was 48.79 % at 120 minutes. Recording 120 minutes protection time with no adverse effect, 50 % concentration showed equal potency as Odomos®. Research to isolate the active ingredients in the EO for incorporation into beneficial health and economic products is desirable.
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Egbuche, C. M., Enyinnaya, J. O., Nwankwo, E. N., & Okonkwo, N. J. (2023). Screening of Locally Available Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) for Repellency Action against Aedes aegypti . The Bioscientist Journal, 11(2), 181-193. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/151
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi, B. H. and Iqbal, M. (2011). In vitro larvicidal potential against Anopheles stephensi and antioxidative enzyme activities of Ginkgo biloba, Stevia rebaudiana and Parthenium hysterophorous. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 169–175.
Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. (2006). Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitology Research, 99, 478–490.
Barnard, D. R., Posey, K. H., Smith, D. and Schreck, C. E. (1998). Mosquito density, biting rate and cage size effects on repellent tests. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, 39–45.
Costa, A. A., Naspi, C. V., Lucia, A. and Masuh, H. M. (2017). Repellent and larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Eucalyptus nitens against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 54(3), 670–676, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw222.
Das, N. G., Baruah, I., Talukdar, P. K. and Das, S. C. (2003). Evaluation of botanicals as repellents against mosquitoes. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 40, 49–53.
Egbuche, C. M., Ezihe, C. K., Aribodor, D. N. and Ukonze, C. B. (2016). Survey of mosquitoes in open and closed larval habitats in Aguleri, Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal Mosquito Research; 6(17), 1–5.
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El-Sheikh, T. M. Y., Al-Fifi, Z. I. A., and Alabboud, M. A. (2016). Larvicidal and repellent effect of some Tribulus terrestris L., (Zygophyllaceae) extracts against the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 20(1), 13–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.05.009.
Elyemni, M., Louaste, B., Nechad, I., Elkamli, T., Bouia, A., Taleb, M., Chaouch, M. and Eloutassi, N. (2019). Extraction of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. by Two Different Methods: Hydrodistillation and Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation. The Scientific World Journal, 2019, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3659432.
Esimone, C. O., Attama, A. A., Ngwu, G., Iloabanafo, C. A., Momoh, M. A. and Onaku, L. O. (2011). Mosquito repellent activity of herbal ointments formulated with Occimum gratissimum oil. JournalofPharmacy Research, 4, 3442–3444.
Ezihe, E. K., Egbuche, C.M., Ukonze, C. B., Nwangwu, U. C., Onwude, C. O., Amakiri, P. C., Atisele, Z. U., Iangba-Terngu, K., Obi, J. O. and Ogudu E. O. (2020). The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience. New York Science Journal, 13(12),86–99.
Gillett, J. (1972). Common African mosquitoes and their medical importance. William Heinemann Medical Books Limited; London. p. 236.
Gnankiné, O. and Bassolé, I. H. N. (2017). Essential oils as an alternative to pyrethroids’ resistance against Anopheles species complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules, 22, 1321. doi:10.3390/molecules22101321.
Govindarajan, M. (2011). Evaluation of Andrographis paniculataBurm. f. (Family: Acanthaceae) extracts against Culex quinque fasciatus (Say.) and Aedes aegypti (Linn.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 176–181.
Hwang, Y.-S., Wu, K.-H., Kumamoto, J., Axelrod, H. and Mulla, M. S. (1985). Isolation and identification of mosquito repellents in Artemisia vulgaris. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 11, 1297–1306.
Jaenson, T. G. Palsson, K. and Borg-Karlson, A. K. (2006). Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43, 113–119.
Keziah, E. A., Nukenine, E. N., Danga, S. P. Y., Younoussa, L. and Esimone, C. O. (2015). Creams Formulated with Ocimum gratissimum L. and Lantana camara L. Crude extracts and fractions as mosquito repellents against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 45. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iev025.
Kumar, P., Mishra, S., Malik, A. and Satya, S. (2011). Insecticidal properties of Mentha species: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 802–817.
Maia, F. M. and Moore, S. J. (2011). Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malaria Journal, 10, 1–11. doi:10.1186/1475-287510-S1-S11.
Moghimipour, E., Ameri, A., Saudatzadeh, A., Salimi, A. and Siahpoosh, A. (2009). Formulation of an anti-dermatophyte cream from hydro-alcoholic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 4(1), 32–40.
Naseem, S., Malik, M. F. and Munir, T. (2016). Mosquito management: A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(5), 73–79.
NCDC (2019). Yellow Fever Monthly Situation Report in Nigeria. Situation Report. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). Retrieved from https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/themes/common/files/sitreps/33df034e696fc54e144eb5d8f8ce9c66.pdf.
Nerio, L. S., Olivero-Verbel, J. and Stashenko, E. (2010). Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101(1), 372–378. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048.
Ogede, R. O. and Abdulrahman, N. A. (2022). Density functional theory study, extraction and characterization of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) as antimalaria repellent. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(2), 284–297.
Olayemi, R. F. (2017). Comparative Study of Root, Stalk and Leaf Essential Oils of Cymbopogon. ChemSearch Journal 8(1), 20–28.
Omatola, C. A., Onoja, A. B., Mosesa, E., Mahmuda, M. and Mofolorunsho, C. K. (2020). Dengue in parts of the Guinea Savannah region of Nigeria and the risk of increased transmission. International Health, 13, 248 – 252.
Park, B. S., Choi, W. S., Kim, J. H. and Lee, S. E. (2005). Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mosquito repellents. Journalof the American Mosquito Control Association, 21, 80–83.
Phasomkusolsil, S. and Soonwera, M. (2010). Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinque fasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medical and Public Health,41, 831–840.
Phasomkusolsil, S. and Soonwera, M. (2011). Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinque fasciatus (Say). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, S113–S118.
Pinto, Z. T., Sánchez, F. F., Santos, A. R-d., Amaral, A. C. F., Ferreira, J. L. P., Escalona-Arranz, J. C. and Queiroz, M. M. d-C. (2015). Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 24(1), 36–44.doi:10.1590/S1984-29612015006.
Ranasinghe, M. S. N., Arambewela, L. and Samarasinghe, S. (2016). Development of herbal mosquito repellent formulations. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 8(6) 341–380.
Renugadevi, G., Ramanathan, T., Shanmuga, P. R. and Thirunavukkarasu, P. (2012). Studies on combined effect of mangrove plants against three dangerous mosquitoes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive, 3, 357–362.
Singha, S. and Chandra, G. (2011). Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinque fasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,4(4), 288–293.
Solórzano-Santos, F. and Miranda-Novales, M. G. (2012). Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Current opinion in biotechnology, 23(2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005.
Soonwera, M. and Phasomkusolsil, S. (2014). Mosquito repellent from Thai essential oils against dengue fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.)) and filarial mosquito vector (Culex quinque fasciatus (Say)). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8, 1819–1824.
Tawatsin, A., Wratten, S. D., Scott, R. R., Thavara, U. and Techadamrongsin, Y. (2001). Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. Journal of Vector Ecology, 26, 76–82.
Thavara, U., Tawatsin, A., Chompoosri, J., Suwonkerd, W., Chansang, U. and Asavadachanukorn, P. (2001). Laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl-butyl-acetyl-aminopropionate) and DEET against mosquito vectors in Thailand. Journal of America Mosquito Control Association, 17, 190–195.
WHO (2009). Guidelines for efficacy testing of mosquito repellents for human skin. WHO_HTM_NTD_WHOPES_2009.4_eng. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 30 p.
WHO (2012). Essentials of rearing mosquito colonies in the laboratory. Training Manual on Malaria Entomology for Entomology and Vector Control Technicians (Basic Level). 9: 55–59.
WHO (2022). Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
WHO (2020). Elimination. World Malaria Report; 4, 38 – 41.
Younoussa, L., Nukenine, E. N. S., Danga, P. Y. and Esimone, C. O. (2016). Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(12), 973–978.
Adeniran, O. I. and Fabiyi, E. (2012). A cream formulation of an effective mosquito repellent: a topical product from lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Stapf. Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources, 2(2), 322–327.
Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi, B. H. and Iqbal, M. (2011). In vitro larvicidal potential against Anopheles stephensi and antioxidative enzyme activities of Ginkgo biloba, Stevia rebaudiana and Parthenium hysterophorous. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 169–175.
Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. (2006). Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. Parasitology Research, 99, 478–490.
Barnard, D. R., Posey, K. H., Smith, D. and Schreck, C. E. (1998). Mosquito density, biting rate and cage size effects on repellent tests. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, 39–45.
Costa, A. A., Naspi, C. V., Lucia, A. and Masuh, H. M. (2017). Repellent and larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Eucalyptus nitens against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), Journal of Medical Entomology, 54(3), 670–676, https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw222.
Das, N. G., Baruah, I., Talukdar, P. K. and Das, S. C. (2003). Evaluation of botanicals as repellents against mosquitoes. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 40, 49–53.
Egbuche, C. M., Ezihe, C. K., Aribodor, D. N. and Ukonze, C. B. (2016). Survey of mosquitoes in open and closed larval habitats in Aguleri, Anambra East Local Government Area of Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal Mosquito Research; 6(17), 1–5.
Egbuche, C., Ezaka, E., Odoh, V., Omah, I., Okwubanego, C., Obi, C., Dashar, T., Egbobe, J. Olisakwe, S., Okafor, T. and Nwankwo, I. (2021). Mosquito Fauna of Anambra East LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Entomology and Zoological Studies, 9(3),32 – 39.
El-Sheikh, T. M. Y., Al-Fifi, Z. I. A., and Alabboud, M. A. (2016). Larvicidal and repellent effect of some Tribulus terrestris L., (Zygophyllaceae) extracts against the dengue fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 20(1), 13–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.05.009.
Elyemni, M., Louaste, B., Nechad, I., Elkamli, T., Bouia, A., Taleb, M., Chaouch, M. and Eloutassi, N. (2019). Extraction of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. by Two Different Methods: Hydrodistillation and Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation. The Scientific World Journal, 2019, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3659432.
Esimone, C. O., Attama, A. A., Ngwu, G., Iloabanafo, C. A., Momoh, M. A. and Onaku, L. O. (2011). Mosquito repellent activity of herbal ointments formulated with Occimum gratissimum oil. JournalofPharmacy Research, 4, 3442–3444.
Ezihe, E. K., Egbuche, C.M., Ukonze, C. B., Nwangwu, U. C., Onwude, C. O., Amakiri, P. C., Atisele, Z. U., Iangba-Terngu, K., Obi, J. O. and Ogudu E. O. (2020). The Impact of Human and Socio-cultural behavior on Outdoor malaria transmission in a rural community of Nigeria: The Nyumagbagh Experience. New York Science Journal, 13(12),86–99.
Gillett, J. (1972). Common African mosquitoes and their medical importance. William Heinemann Medical Books Limited; London. p. 236.
Gnankiné, O. and Bassolé, I. H. N. (2017). Essential oils as an alternative to pyrethroids’ resistance against Anopheles species complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules, 22, 1321. doi:10.3390/molecules22101321.
Govindarajan, M. (2011). Evaluation of Andrographis paniculataBurm. f. (Family: Acanthaceae) extracts against Culex quinque fasciatus (Say.) and Aedes aegypti (Linn.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 176–181.
Hwang, Y.-S., Wu, K.-H., Kumamoto, J., Axelrod, H. and Mulla, M. S. (1985). Isolation and identification of mosquito repellents in Artemisia vulgaris. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 11, 1297–1306.
Jaenson, T. G. Palsson, K. and Borg-Karlson, A. K. (2006). Evaluation of extracts and oils of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent plants from Sweden and Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43, 113–119.
Keziah, E. A., Nukenine, E. N., Danga, S. P. Y., Younoussa, L. and Esimone, C. O. (2015). Creams Formulated with Ocimum gratissimum L. and Lantana camara L. Crude extracts and fractions as mosquito repellents against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Insect Science, 15(1), 45. doi:10.1093/jisesa/iev025.
Kumar, P., Mishra, S., Malik, A. and Satya, S. (2011). Insecticidal properties of Mentha species: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 802–817.
Maia, F. M. and Moore, S. J. (2011). Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malaria Journal, 10, 1–11. doi:10.1186/1475-287510-S1-S11.
Moghimipour, E., Ameri, A., Saudatzadeh, A., Salimi, A. and Siahpoosh, A. (2009). Formulation of an anti-dermatophyte cream from hydro-alcoholic extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 4(1), 32–40.
Naseem, S., Malik, M. F. and Munir, T. (2016). Mosquito management: A review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(5), 73–79.
NCDC (2019). Yellow Fever Monthly Situation Report in Nigeria. Situation Report. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). Retrieved from https://www.ncdc.gov.ng/themes/common/files/sitreps/33df034e696fc54e144eb5d8f8ce9c66.pdf.
Nerio, L. S., Olivero-Verbel, J. and Stashenko, E. (2010). Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101(1), 372–378. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048.
Ogede, R. O. and Abdulrahman, N. A. (2022). Density functional theory study, extraction and characterization of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) as antimalaria repellent. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(2), 284–297.
Olayemi, R. F. (2017). Comparative Study of Root, Stalk and Leaf Essential Oils of Cymbopogon. ChemSearch Journal 8(1), 20–28.
Omatola, C. A., Onoja, A. B., Mosesa, E., Mahmuda, M. and Mofolorunsho, C. K. (2020). Dengue in parts of the Guinea Savannah region of Nigeria and the risk of increased transmission. International Health, 13, 248 – 252.
Park, B. S., Choi, W. S., Kim, J. H. and Lee, S. E. (2005). Monoterpenes from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) as potential mosquito repellents. Journalof the American Mosquito Control Association, 21, 80–83.
Phasomkusolsil, S. and Soonwera, M. (2010). Insect repellent activity of medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinque fasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medical and Public Health,41, 831–840.
Phasomkusolsil, S. and Soonwera, M. (2011). Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinque fasciatus (Say). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1, S113–S118.
Pinto, Z. T., Sánchez, F. F., Santos, A. R-d., Amaral, A. C. F., Ferreira, J. L. P., Escalona-Arranz, J. C. and Queiroz, M. M. d-C. (2015). Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 24(1), 36–44.doi:10.1590/S1984-29612015006.
Ranasinghe, M. S. N., Arambewela, L. and Samarasinghe, S. (2016). Development of herbal mosquito repellent formulations. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health, 8(6) 341–380.
Renugadevi, G., Ramanathan, T., Shanmuga, P. R. and Thirunavukkarasu, P. (2012). Studies on combined effect of mangrove plants against three dangerous mosquitoes. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Science Archive, 3, 357–362.
Singha, S. and Chandra, G. (2011). Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinque fasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine,4(4), 288–293.
Solórzano-Santos, F. and Miranda-Novales, M. G. (2012). Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Current opinion in biotechnology, 23(2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005.
Soonwera, M. and Phasomkusolsil, S. (2014). Mosquito repellent from Thai essential oils against dengue fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti (L.)) and filarial mosquito vector (Culex quinque fasciatus (Say)). African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8, 1819–1824.
Tawatsin, A., Wratten, S. D., Scott, R. R., Thavara, U. and Techadamrongsin, Y. (2001). Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. Journal of Vector Ecology, 26, 76–82.
Thavara, U., Tawatsin, A., Chompoosri, J., Suwonkerd, W., Chansang, U. and Asavadachanukorn, P. (2001). Laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl-butyl-acetyl-aminopropionate) and DEET against mosquito vectors in Thailand. Journal of America Mosquito Control Association, 17, 190–195.
WHO (2009). Guidelines for efficacy testing of mosquito repellents for human skin. WHO_HTM_NTD_WHOPES_2009.4_eng. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 30 p.
WHO (2012). Essentials of rearing mosquito colonies in the laboratory. Training Manual on Malaria Entomology for Entomology and Vector Control Technicians (Basic Level). 9: 55–59.
WHO (2022). Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue.
WHO (2020). Elimination. World Malaria Report; 4, 38 – 41.
Younoussa, L., Nukenine, E. N. S., Danga, P. Y. and Esimone, C. O. (2016). Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(12), 973–978.