EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PROXIMATE STATUS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Gongronema latifolium (Benth) FRUIT
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition, proximate status, and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of G. latifolium fruit. The chemical composition was determined using spectrophotometric method. Moisture, ash, lipid, and fibre contents were determined using gravimetric method, while crude protein and total carbohydrate were determined using kjeldahl and difference methods respectively. Acute toxicity study was carried out with eighteen albino rats using lorke’s method. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were determined spectrophotometrically. The results of phytochemical composition obtained are flavonoids(39.32±0.88mgCE/g), phenols(37.50±1.41mgGAC/g), tannins(31.45±0.46mgTAE/g), oxalates(3.45±0.41mg/g), saponins (2.91±0.53%), alkaloids (0.23±0.06%), phytates (0.14±0.00%), beta carotene (0.12±0.03%), and lycopene (0.09±0.02%). Total carbohydrate, crude protein, lipid, moisture, ash, and crude fibre obtained are 64.59%, 10.07%, 9.20%, 8.62%, 4.96%, and 2.85% respectively. The fruit extract has antioxidant effect with EC50 318.65
Article Details
How to Cite
Onwukeme, C. A., Udedi, S. C., Asogwa, K., Nwodo, N. M., & Ijeoma, W. C. (2023). EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PROXIMATE STATUS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Gongronema latifolium (Benth) FRUIT. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(3), 242-255. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v11i3.155
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adekanle, E., and Omozokpia, M. (2015). Antioxidant potentials of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) leaf extracts. Biokemistri,27(2): 85-88.
Adeniran, A. A., Ntamanwuna, E. C., and Bassey, V. O. (2021). Microscopical characterization and physicochemical standardization of leaves, stems and roots of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17(1):15-25.
Adegbenro, A. A., Salawu, S. O., and Akindahunsi, A. A. (2021). Antioxidant activities of Celosia argentea Linn and Gongronema latifolium Benth and the antihyperlipidemic effect of the vegetable supplemented diets on fat induced hyperlipidemic rats. Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization, 15(1): 425–436.
Agwaramgbo, A., Ilodigwe, E. E., Ajaghaku, D. L., Onuorah, M. U., and Mbagwu, S. I. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant, immunomodulatory activities, and safety of ethanol extract and fractions of Gongronema latifolium fruit. International Scholarly Research Noticess, 1: pp. 695272.
AOAC (1980). Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. Association Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, pp. 1040.
AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, 1147-1161.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, pp. 2176.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC, 2217-2280.
Asaolu, S. S., Adefemi, O. S., Oyakilome, I. G., Ajibulu, K. E., & Asaolu, M. F. (2012). Proximate and mineral composition of Nigerian leafy vegetables. Journal of Food Research, 1(3): 214-218.
Balogun, M. E., Besong, E. E., Obimma, J.N., Mbamalu, O.S., and Djobissie, S.F. (2016). Gongronema Latifolium: A Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances,6(1): 811-824.
Barbosa, A., Silveira, G., de Menezes, I., Rezende Neto, J., Bitencurt, J., Estavam, C., de Lima, A, Thomazzi, S., Guimarães, A., Quintans, L., and dos Santos, M. (2013). Antidiabetic effect of the Chrysobalanus icaco L. aqueous extract in rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(6): 538–543.
Barros, L., Falcão, S., Baptista, P., Freire, C., Vilas-Boas, M., and Ferreira, I. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays. Food Chemistry, 111(1): 61–66.
Buege, J. A. and Aust, S. D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods in enzymology, 52: 302-310.
Ciobanu, L., Olivier, R., Lynn, U., Bechir, J., and Denis, L. B. (2018). Effects of anesthetics agents on brain blood oxygenation level revealed with ultra–high field MRI. Asian Journal of Civilizational Studies, 4(4): 1-8.
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F., and Bekhradnia, A.R. (2010). Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of H. officinalis L. Var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcanaand C. speciosum. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,23(1): 29 – 34.
Emeka, J., Fang-Fang, L., Rong-Rong C., Yan, L., Asotie, O., and Ying-Jun, Z. (2015) Anti-Cancer and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Nigerian Food Plants in vitro. International Journal of Cancer Research, 11: 41-51.
Exner, R., Wessner, B., Manhart, N., and Roth, E. (2000). Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wien Klin Wochenschr,112: 610-616.
Eze, S. O. and Nwanguma, B. C. (2013). Effect of tannin extract from Gongronema latifolium Leaves on Lipoxygenase Cucumeropsis manii Seeds. Journal of Chemistry, 1: 1-7.
Fish, W. W., Davis, R. A., and Perkins-Veazie, P. (2002). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. PostharvestBiology and Technology, 28(2003):425-430.
Gomez, S., Kuruvila, B., Maneesha, P. K., and Joseph, M. (2022). Variation in physico-chemical, organoleptic, and microbial qualities of intermediate moisture pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) slices during storage. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 4(5): 1-11.
Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 5th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, 21-72.
Heinonen, M. I. (1990). Carotenoids and pro-vitamin A activity of carrot (Daucus carota, L) cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 38:609-612.
Ighodaro, O. M., and Akinloye, O. A. (2018). First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(4): 287–293.
Ijeh, I. I. and Ejike, C. E. (2011). Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medicinal plant Research, 5(7): 1051-1061.
Kingsley, C. K., Solomon, N. I., and Odudu, A. (2016). Haematological, Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Wister Rats exposed to Dichlorvos based Insecticide Formulation used in Southeast Nigeria. Toxics, 4(4): 1-28.
Limdi, J. K., and Hyde, G. M. (2003). Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgraduate medical journal,79: 307-312.
Lorke, D. (1983). A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing. Archives of Toxocity, 53: 275-287.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M., and Nicoli, M. C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft Und Technologie [Food Science and Technology], 31(7–8): 694–698.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R., Greenhalgh, D., and Morgan, C. A. (1996). Animal Nutrition, (5th ed.). Longman Scientific & Technical, pp. 448.
Meyer, C. T., Wooten, D. J., Paudel, B. B., Bauer, J., Hardeman, K. N., Westover, D., Lovly, C. M., Harris, L. A., Tyson, D. R., and Quaranta, V. (2019). Quantifying drug combination synergy along potency and efficacy axes. Cell Systems, 8(2): 97-108.
Mgbeje, B. I. A., Umoh, E. U., and Emmanuel-Ikpeme, C. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition of Four Selected Tropical Medicinal Plants Namely: Ocimum gratissimum, Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 7(3): 1–11.
Morebise, O. (2015). A review on Gongronema latifolium, an extremely useful plant with great prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(1): 1–9.
Nnodim, J., and Emejulu, A. (2011). The protective role of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen induced hepatic toxicity in wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2): S151–S154.
Offor, C. and Uchenwoke, I. (2015). Phytochemical Analysis and Proximate Composition of the Leaves of Gongronema latifolium. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 9(2): 159-162.
Oke, O. L. (1966). Chemical studies on some Nigerian Vegetables. Tropical Science, 8(3): 128-132.
Osuagwu, A.W., Ekpo, I. A., Okpako, E.C., Out, P. and Ottoho, E. (2013). The biology, utilisation and phytochemical composition of the fruits and leaves of Gongronema latifolium B. Agroscience, 2(1): 1-15.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6): 307–315.
Paglia, D. E., and Valentine, W. N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,70: pp. 158.
Pakade, V., Cukrowska, E. and Chimuka, L. (2013). Metal and flavonol contents of Moringa oleifera grown in South Africa. South African Journal of Sciences, 109(3): 835 – 837.
Perry, T. W., Cullison, A. E., and Lowrey, R. S. (1999). Feeds and feeding, (5th ed.). Prentice Hall, pp. 74.
Sinha, K.A. (1972). Colorimetric Assay of Catalase. Annals of Biochemistry, 47: 389–394.
Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., and Holler, F. J (1992). Fundamentals of analytical chemistry (6th ed.) Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt Brace, pp. 802.
Sun, M., and Zigma, S. (1978). An improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on ephinephrine antioxidation. Anaytical Biochemistry,90: 81-89.
Uhegbu, F. O., Emeka, E. I., and Kanu, I. (2011). Studies on the chemical and anti-nutritional content of some Nigerian spices. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(6): 72–76.
Ujong, G. O., Beshel, J. A., Nkanu, E., Ubana, O. P., and Ofem, O. E. (2022). Ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium improves learning and memory in Swiss albino Mice. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 12(1): 45-50.
Yoo, K.M., Lee, H.C., Lee, H., Moon, B. and Lee, Y. C. (2008). Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Food Chemistry,106:929 – 936.
Young, S. M. and Greaves, J. S. (1999). Influence of varieties and treatment of phytin contents of wheat. Food Resources, 5: 103-105.
Adeniran, A. A., Ntamanwuna, E. C., and Bassey, V. O. (2021). Microscopical characterization and physicochemical standardization of leaves, stems and roots of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae). Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17(1):15-25.
Adegbenro, A. A., Salawu, S. O., and Akindahunsi, A. A. (2021). Antioxidant activities of Celosia argentea Linn and Gongronema latifolium Benth and the antihyperlipidemic effect of the vegetable supplemented diets on fat induced hyperlipidemic rats. Journal of Food Measurement & Characterization, 15(1): 425–436.
Agwaramgbo, A., Ilodigwe, E. E., Ajaghaku, D. L., Onuorah, M. U., and Mbagwu, S. I. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant, immunomodulatory activities, and safety of ethanol extract and fractions of Gongronema latifolium fruit. International Scholarly Research Noticess, 1: pp. 695272.
AOAC (1980). Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. Association Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, pp. 1040.
AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, 1147-1161.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, pp. 2176.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC, 2217-2280.
Asaolu, S. S., Adefemi, O. S., Oyakilome, I. G., Ajibulu, K. E., & Asaolu, M. F. (2012). Proximate and mineral composition of Nigerian leafy vegetables. Journal of Food Research, 1(3): 214-218.
Balogun, M. E., Besong, E. E., Obimma, J.N., Mbamalu, O.S., and Djobissie, S.F. (2016). Gongronema Latifolium: A Phytochemical, Nutritional and Pharmacological Review. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances,6(1): 811-824.
Barbosa, A., Silveira, G., de Menezes, I., Rezende Neto, J., Bitencurt, J., Estavam, C., de Lima, A, Thomazzi, S., Guimarães, A., Quintans, L., and dos Santos, M. (2013). Antidiabetic effect of the Chrysobalanus icaco L. aqueous extract in rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(6): 538–543.
Barros, L., Falcão, S., Baptista, P., Freire, C., Vilas-Boas, M., and Ferreira, I. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays. Food Chemistry, 111(1): 61–66.
Buege, J. A. and Aust, S. D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods in enzymology, 52: 302-310.
Ciobanu, L., Olivier, R., Lynn, U., Bechir, J., and Denis, L. B. (2018). Effects of anesthetics agents on brain blood oxygenation level revealed with ultra–high field MRI. Asian Journal of Civilizational Studies, 4(4): 1-8.
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F., and Bekhradnia, A.R. (2010). Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of H. officinalis L. Var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcanaand C. speciosum. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,23(1): 29 – 34.
Emeka, J., Fang-Fang, L., Rong-Rong C., Yan, L., Asotie, O., and Ying-Jun, Z. (2015) Anti-Cancer and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Nigerian Food Plants in vitro. International Journal of Cancer Research, 11: 41-51.
Exner, R., Wessner, B., Manhart, N., and Roth, E. (2000). Therapeutic potential of glutathione. Wien Klin Wochenschr,112: 610-616.
Eze, S. O. and Nwanguma, B. C. (2013). Effect of tannin extract from Gongronema latifolium Leaves on Lipoxygenase Cucumeropsis manii Seeds. Journal of Chemistry, 1: 1-7.
Fish, W. W., Davis, R. A., and Perkins-Veazie, P. (2002). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. PostharvestBiology and Technology, 28(2003):425-430.
Gomez, S., Kuruvila, B., Maneesha, P. K., and Joseph, M. (2022). Variation in physico-chemical, organoleptic, and microbial qualities of intermediate moisture pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) slices during storage. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 4(5): 1-11.
Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 5th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, 21-72.
Heinonen, M. I. (1990). Carotenoids and pro-vitamin A activity of carrot (Daucus carota, L) cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 38:609-612.
Ighodaro, O. M., and Akinloye, O. A. (2018). First line defence antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX): Their fundamental role in the entire antioxidant defence grid. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(4): 287–293.
Ijeh, I. I. and Ejike, C. E. (2011). Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del. Journal of Medicinal plant Research, 5(7): 1051-1061.
Kingsley, C. K., Solomon, N. I., and Odudu, A. (2016). Haematological, Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Wister Rats exposed to Dichlorvos based Insecticide Formulation used in Southeast Nigeria. Toxics, 4(4): 1-28.
Limdi, J. K., and Hyde, G. M. (2003). Evaluation of abnormal liver function tests. Postgraduate medical journal,79: 307-312.
Lorke, D. (1983). A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing. Archives of Toxocity, 53: 275-287.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M., and Nicoli, M. C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft Und Technologie [Food Science and Technology], 31(7–8): 694–698.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R., Greenhalgh, D., and Morgan, C. A. (1996). Animal Nutrition, (5th ed.). Longman Scientific & Technical, pp. 448.
Meyer, C. T., Wooten, D. J., Paudel, B. B., Bauer, J., Hardeman, K. N., Westover, D., Lovly, C. M., Harris, L. A., Tyson, D. R., and Quaranta, V. (2019). Quantifying drug combination synergy along potency and efficacy axes. Cell Systems, 8(2): 97-108.
Mgbeje, B. I. A., Umoh, E. U., and Emmanuel-Ikpeme, C. (2019). Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition of Four Selected Tropical Medicinal Plants Namely: Ocimum gratissimum, Piper guineense, Gongronema latifolium and Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 7(3): 1–11.
Morebise, O. (2015). A review on Gongronema latifolium, an extremely useful plant with great prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(1): 1–9.
Nnodim, J., and Emejulu, A. (2011). The protective role of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen induced hepatic toxicity in wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2): S151–S154.
Offor, C. and Uchenwoke, I. (2015). Phytochemical Analysis and Proximate Composition of the Leaves of Gongronema latifolium. Global Journal of Pharmacology, 9(2): 159-162.
Oke, O. L. (1966). Chemical studies on some Nigerian Vegetables. Tropical Science, 8(3): 128-132.
Osuagwu, A.W., Ekpo, I. A., Okpako, E.C., Out, P. and Ottoho, E. (2013). The biology, utilisation and phytochemical composition of the fruits and leaves of Gongronema latifolium B. Agroscience, 2(1): 1-15.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6): 307–315.
Paglia, D. E., and Valentine, W. N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,70: pp. 158.
Pakade, V., Cukrowska, E. and Chimuka, L. (2013). Metal and flavonol contents of Moringa oleifera grown in South Africa. South African Journal of Sciences, 109(3): 835 – 837.
Perry, T. W., Cullison, A. E., and Lowrey, R. S. (1999). Feeds and feeding, (5th ed.). Prentice Hall, pp. 74.
Sinha, K.A. (1972). Colorimetric Assay of Catalase. Annals of Biochemistry, 47: 389–394.
Skoog, D. A., West, D. M., and Holler, F. J (1992). Fundamentals of analytical chemistry (6th ed.) Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt Brace, pp. 802.
Sun, M., and Zigma, S. (1978). An improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on ephinephrine antioxidation. Anaytical Biochemistry,90: 81-89.
Uhegbu, F. O., Emeka, E. I., and Kanu, I. (2011). Studies on the chemical and anti-nutritional content of some Nigerian spices. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(6): 72–76.
Ujong, G. O., Beshel, J. A., Nkanu, E., Ubana, O. P., and Ofem, O. E. (2022). Ethanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium improves learning and memory in Swiss albino Mice. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 12(1): 45-50.
Yoo, K.M., Lee, H.C., Lee, H., Moon, B. and Lee, Y. C. (2008). Relative antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of common herbs. Food Chemistry,106:929 – 936.
Young, S. M. and Greaves, J. S. (1999). Influence of varieties and treatment of phytin contents of wheat. Food Resources, 5: 103-105.