Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Alstonia boonei Stem-Bark
Main Article Content
Abstract
The plant Alstonia boonei is extensively used in traditional medicine because of its therapeutic properties. Over the years, researchers have been looking for the active medicinal agents in different plant species and as such, the type of extraction solvent plays a major role. This study aim to investigate the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. boonei stem-bark. The stem-bark of A. boonei was collected, dried, pulverized and extracted with ethanol and distilled water using maceration method. The extract was concentrated in a temperature regulated water bath set at 45oC. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out in both extracts. Both extracts was also subjected to various antioxidant analytical procedures such as free radical scavenging capacity against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) to determine antioxidant properties. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of both extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. However, quantitative studies revealed that proanthocyanidin, flavonoids and total phenol were significantly higher in ethanol extract compared to aqueous extract (p < 0.05). Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activities compared to reference antioxidant (Ascorbic acid). However, the reducing power of the aqueous extract was significantly higher than that of the ethanol extract.This result indicates that aqueous extract of A. booneistem-bark had lower phytochemical constituents but higher antioxidant activity compared to ethanol extract. The result of this study revealed that ethanol may be a better solvent for phytochemical extraction of A. boonei stem-bark.
Article Details
How to Cite
Izum, M. C., & Olubodun, S. O. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Properties of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Alstonia boonei Stem-Bark. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(3), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v11i3.157
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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analysis of some selected traditional
medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Bulletin of
National Research Center,46: 87.
Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Abdul
Mudalip, S.K. and Olalere, O.A. (2017).
Effect ofDrying Methods on Free Radicals
Scavenging Activity of Vernonia
amygdalina growing in Malaysia. Journal
of King Saud University, 31(4): 495-499.
Ali, M., Sani, U., Diso, Sumayya, A.W. and
Muhammad S.A. (2019). Phytochemical
screening and antibacterial activity of Bitter
leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). Annals of
Microbiology and infectious Diseases,2 (4):
2637-5346.
Aliyu, A.B., Achika, J.I., Adewuyi, J.A.,
Gangas, P., Ibrahim, H. and Oyewale, A.O.
(2020) Antioxidants from Nigerian
Medicinal Plants: What Are the Evidence?
LipidPeroxidation Research. IntechOpen.
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84454.
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini,
A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P.
and Chang, C.M. (2022). Determination of
Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging
Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical
Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules 16,
27(4):1326.
Benzie, I.F. and Strain, J.J. (1996). The
ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as
a measure of“ antioxidant power”: The
FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239:
70-76
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Pourmorad, F. and
Bekhradnia, A. R. (2008). Iron Chelating
Activity, Phenol and Flavonoid Content of
some Medicinal plants from Iran. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 7(18): 3188-3192.
Gulcin, I., Oktay, M., Kireçci, E. and
Küfrevioglu, Ö. I. (2003). Screening of
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of
anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts.
Food Chem., 83: 371–382.
Harbone, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical
Methods: A guide to modern techniques of
plant analysis. 3rd Ed. New York: Chapman
and Hall. Pp. 49-188.
James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A.
andAdams, J. (2018).
Traditional,contemporary and
alternativemedicine use in Sub-Saharan
Africa:A systematic review. BMJ
GlobalHealth Journal, 3(5): e000895
Keshari, A., Verma, A.K., Kumar, T. and
Srivastava, R. (2015). Oxidative Stress: A
Review. The International Journal of
Science and Technoledge, 3: 155 -162.
Kone, M., Touré, A., Ouattara, K. and
Coulibaly, A. (2015). Phytochemical
composition, antioxidant and antibacterial
activities of root of Uvaria chamae p. Beauv.
(Annonaceae) used in treatment of dysentery
in north of Côte d’ivoire. International
Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research 7. 1047-1053.
Krishnan, S. (2018). Traditional herbal
medicines - a review. International Journal
of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(4):
611-614.
Kumar, S., Jagreeti, S., Tapas, M. and
Aditya, K. (2022). Phytochemical
Screening, Quantification, FT-IR Analysis,
and In Silico Characterization of Potential
Bio-active Compounds Identified in HRLC/
MS Analysis of the Polyherbal
Formulation from Northeast India.ACS
Omega, 7(37): 33067-33078 DOI:
10.1021/acsomega.2c03117
Luo, X., Jiang, Y., Fronczek, F.R., Lin, C.,
Izevbigie, E.B., Lee, S. and Lee, K. S.
(2017). Isolation and Structure
Determination of a Sesquiterpene Lactone
(Vernodalinol) from Vernonia amygdalina
Extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(5):
464–470.
Malan, D. F. and Neuba, D. F.(2011).
Traditional Practices andMedicinal Plant use
during Pregnancyby Anyi-Ndenye Women
(Eastern Cote d’Ivoire). Africa Journal of
Reproductive Health,15(1): 85-93.
Manash, N., Minakshi, B., Jharna, D.,
Chanbi-Devi, E., Nayan, T., Partha, P.K.
and Kundal, N. (2016). Phytochemical
Analysis of Traditional Medicinal Plants and
theirAntimicrobial Activity: An Experience
from North East India. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 1(1): 000104.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M. and Nicoli, M. C.
(1998). Antioxidant properties of tea
extracts as affected by processing. LebensmittelWissenschaft
Und-Technologie, 31(7–
8): 694-698. Marcocci, I., Marguire, J. J.,
Droy-lefaiz, M. T. and Packer, L. (1994).
The nitric oxide scavenging properties of
Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun., 201: 748-755.
Marrassini, C., Peralta, I. and Anesini, C.
(2018). Comparative study of the
polyphenol content-related antiinflammatory
and antioxidant activities of
two Urera aurantiaca specimens from
different geographical areas. Chinese
Medicine,13: 22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0181-1
Nkono, B. L. N.,Sokeng, S.D., Desire, D. D.
P. and Kamtchouing,P. (2014).
Antihyperglycemic andAntioxydant
Properties of Alstoniaboonei De Wild.
(Apocynaceae) StemBark Aqueous Extract
inDexamethasone-InducedHyperglycemic
Rats. .International Journal of Diabetes
Research,3(3):27-35.
Obiagwu, M. O., Ihekwereme, C.
P.,Ajaghaku, D. L. and Okoye, F.B.(2014).
The Useful MedicinalProperties of the Root-
Bark Extractof Alstonia boonei
(Apocynaceae)may be connected to
AntioxidantActivity. International Scholarly
ResearchNotices, 2014: 1-4.
Okoye, N.N., Nwokoye, J. and Okoye, C.
(2022). Alstonia booneide Wild
(Apocynaceae) – A review of its
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and
Pharmacological Activities. Journal of
Current Biomedical Research, 1(4): 95–116.
Olubodun, S. O. and Eriyamremu, G. E.
(2013). Effect of different crude oil fractions
on growth and oxidative stress parameters of
maize radicle. International Journal of Plant
and Soil Science. 2(1):144-154.
Olubodun, S. O., Eriyamremu, G. E.,
Ayevbuomwan, M. O. and Nzoputam, C. I.
(2021). In vitro antioxidant activity and
Phytochemical Analysis of Acalypha
godseffiana (Euphobiaceae) leaf
extract.Nigerian Journal of Natural
Products and Medicine, 25: 75-79.
Olubodun, S. O. and Osagie, O. A. (2016).
Oxidative stress in rats exposed to Crude oil
and protective role of Enantia chlorantha.
Nig. J. Life Sci., 6 (1): 196-205.
Omoregie, E.S., Oriakhi, K., Oikeh,E.I.,
Okugbo, O.T. and Akpobire, D.(2014).
Comparative Study of PhenolicContent and
Antioxidant Activity ofLeaf Extracts of
Alstonia boonei andEupatorium odoratum.
Nigeria Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 22(3):91-97.
Opoku, F.and Akoto, O. (2015).
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Properties
of
Alstonia boonei Extracts. Organic
Chemistry Current Research 1:137.
Otu, E. (2018). Geographical access
toHealthcare services in Nigeria- AReview.
International Journal of Integrated Human
care, 10 (1):1-26.
Otuu, C. A., Obiezue, R. N., Okoye,C. I.,
Omalu, I. C., Otuu, A. Q., Eke, S. S., Udeh,
E.O., Ekuma, I.C.,Yamman, H.U. and
Okafor, F.C.(2020). Antimalarial
Activity,Phytochemical Composition
andAcute Toxicity Tests of EthanolicStem
Bark Extract of Alstonia booneide Wild.
International Journal of PathogenResearch,
5(4):55-63.
Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.B., Biswas, M.
and Alam, A. H. (2015). In vitro antioxidant
and free radical scavenging activity of
different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing
in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes, 8:
62(2015).https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-
015-1618-6
Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and
Traditional Medicine in Africa, 2nd ed.
Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited. Pp.134–
156.
Sun, B., Ricardo-Da-Silva, J. M. and
Spranger, I. (1998). Critical Factors of
Vanillin Assay for Catechins and
Proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agriculture
and Food Chemistry, 46: 4267-4274.
Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (1989).
Pharmacology 11th Edn., BailliereTindall
Ltd., London, Pp. 60-75.
Truong, D. H., Nguyen, D. H., Ta, N. T. A.,
Bui, A. V., Do, T. H. and Nguyen, H. C.
(2019). Evaluation of the Use of Different
Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents,
Antioxidants and In Vitro Anti-
Inflammatory Activities of
Severiniabuxifolia. Hindawi J. Food Qual.,
2019: 1-9 Article ID 8178294.
Ugwu, O. P., Nwodo O.F., Joshua, P.E.,
Bawa, A., Ossai, E.C. and Odo, C.E.
(2013). Phytochemical and Acute Toxicity
Studies of
MoringaoleiferaEthanolLeafExtract. Intl.
Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and
Pharmaceutical Research, 2013: 2(2), 66-
71.
analysis of some selected traditional
medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Bulletin of
National Research Center,46: 87.
Alara, O.R., Abdurahman, N.H., Abdul
Mudalip, S.K. and Olalere, O.A. (2017).
Effect ofDrying Methods on Free Radicals
Scavenging Activity of Vernonia
amygdalina growing in Malaysia. Journal
of King Saud University, 31(4): 495-499.
Ali, M., Sani, U., Diso, Sumayya, A.W. and
Muhammad S.A. (2019). Phytochemical
screening and antibacterial activity of Bitter
leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). Annals of
Microbiology and infectious Diseases,2 (4):
2637-5346.
Aliyu, A.B., Achika, J.I., Adewuyi, J.A.,
Gangas, P., Ibrahim, H. and Oyewale, A.O.
(2020) Antioxidants from Nigerian
Medicinal Plants: What Are the Evidence?
LipidPeroxidation Research. IntechOpen.
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84454.
Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini,
A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P.
and Chang, C.M. (2022). Determination of
Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging
Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical
Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules 16,
27(4):1326.
Benzie, I.F. and Strain, J.J. (1996). The
ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as
a measure of“ antioxidant power”: The
FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239:
70-76
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Pourmorad, F. and
Bekhradnia, A. R. (2008). Iron Chelating
Activity, Phenol and Flavonoid Content of
some Medicinal plants from Iran. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 7(18): 3188-3192.
Gulcin, I., Oktay, M., Kireçci, E. and
Küfrevioglu, Ö. I. (2003). Screening of
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of
anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts.
Food Chem., 83: 371–382.
Harbone, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical
Methods: A guide to modern techniques of
plant analysis. 3rd Ed. New York: Chapman
and Hall. Pp. 49-188.
James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A.
andAdams, J. (2018).
Traditional,contemporary and
alternativemedicine use in Sub-Saharan
Africa:A systematic review. BMJ
GlobalHealth Journal, 3(5): e000895
Keshari, A., Verma, A.K., Kumar, T. and
Srivastava, R. (2015). Oxidative Stress: A
Review. The International Journal of
Science and Technoledge, 3: 155 -162.
Kone, M., Touré, A., Ouattara, K. and
Coulibaly, A. (2015). Phytochemical
composition, antioxidant and antibacterial
activities of root of Uvaria chamae p. Beauv.
(Annonaceae) used in treatment of dysentery
in north of Côte d’ivoire. International
Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemical Research 7. 1047-1053.
Krishnan, S. (2018). Traditional herbal
medicines - a review. International Journal
of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(4):
611-614.
Kumar, S., Jagreeti, S., Tapas, M. and
Aditya, K. (2022). Phytochemical
Screening, Quantification, FT-IR Analysis,
and In Silico Characterization of Potential
Bio-active Compounds Identified in HRLC/
MS Analysis of the Polyherbal
Formulation from Northeast India.ACS
Omega, 7(37): 33067-33078 DOI:
10.1021/acsomega.2c03117
Luo, X., Jiang, Y., Fronczek, F.R., Lin, C.,
Izevbigie, E.B., Lee, S. and Lee, K. S.
(2017). Isolation and Structure
Determination of a Sesquiterpene Lactone
(Vernodalinol) from Vernonia amygdalina
Extracts. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(5):
464–470.
Malan, D. F. and Neuba, D. F.(2011).
Traditional Practices andMedicinal Plant use
during Pregnancyby Anyi-Ndenye Women
(Eastern Cote d’Ivoire). Africa Journal of
Reproductive Health,15(1): 85-93.
Manash, N., Minakshi, B., Jharna, D.,
Chanbi-Devi, E., Nayan, T., Partha, P.K.
and Kundal, N. (2016). Phytochemical
Analysis of Traditional Medicinal Plants and
theirAntimicrobial Activity: An Experience
from North East India. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 1(1): 000104.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M. and Nicoli, M. C.
(1998). Antioxidant properties of tea
extracts as affected by processing. LebensmittelWissenschaft
Und-Technologie, 31(7–
8): 694-698. Marcocci, I., Marguire, J. J.,
Droy-lefaiz, M. T. and Packer, L. (1994).
The nitric oxide scavenging properties of
Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun., 201: 748-755.
Marrassini, C., Peralta, I. and Anesini, C.
(2018). Comparative study of the
polyphenol content-related antiinflammatory
and antioxidant activities of
two Urera aurantiaca specimens from
different geographical areas. Chinese
Medicine,13: 22.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-018-0181-1
Nkono, B. L. N.,Sokeng, S.D., Desire, D. D.
P. and Kamtchouing,P. (2014).
Antihyperglycemic andAntioxydant
Properties of Alstoniaboonei De Wild.
(Apocynaceae) StemBark Aqueous Extract
inDexamethasone-InducedHyperglycemic
Rats. .International Journal of Diabetes
Research,3(3):27-35.
Obiagwu, M. O., Ihekwereme, C.
P.,Ajaghaku, D. L. and Okoye, F.B.(2014).
The Useful MedicinalProperties of the Root-
Bark Extractof Alstonia boonei
(Apocynaceae)may be connected to
AntioxidantActivity. International Scholarly
ResearchNotices, 2014: 1-4.
Okoye, N.N., Nwokoye, J. and Okoye, C.
(2022). Alstonia booneide Wild
(Apocynaceae) – A review of its
Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and
Pharmacological Activities. Journal of
Current Biomedical Research, 1(4): 95–116.
Olubodun, S. O. and Eriyamremu, G. E.
(2013). Effect of different crude oil fractions
on growth and oxidative stress parameters of
maize radicle. International Journal of Plant
and Soil Science. 2(1):144-154.
Olubodun, S. O., Eriyamremu, G. E.,
Ayevbuomwan, M. O. and Nzoputam, C. I.
(2021). In vitro antioxidant activity and
Phytochemical Analysis of Acalypha
godseffiana (Euphobiaceae) leaf
extract.Nigerian Journal of Natural
Products and Medicine, 25: 75-79.
Olubodun, S. O. and Osagie, O. A. (2016).
Oxidative stress in rats exposed to Crude oil
and protective role of Enantia chlorantha.
Nig. J. Life Sci., 6 (1): 196-205.
Omoregie, E.S., Oriakhi, K., Oikeh,E.I.,
Okugbo, O.T. and Akpobire, D.(2014).
Comparative Study of PhenolicContent and
Antioxidant Activity ofLeaf Extracts of
Alstonia boonei andEupatorium odoratum.
Nigeria Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 22(3):91-97.
Opoku, F.and Akoto, O. (2015).
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Properties
of
Alstonia boonei Extracts. Organic
Chemistry Current Research 1:137.
Otu, E. (2018). Geographical access
toHealthcare services in Nigeria- AReview.
International Journal of Integrated Human
care, 10 (1):1-26.
Otuu, C. A., Obiezue, R. N., Okoye,C. I.,
Omalu, I. C., Otuu, A. Q., Eke, S. S., Udeh,
E.O., Ekuma, I.C.,Yamman, H.U. and
Okafor, F.C.(2020). Antimalarial
Activity,Phytochemical Composition
andAcute Toxicity Tests of EthanolicStem
Bark Extract of Alstonia booneide Wild.
International Journal of PathogenResearch,
5(4):55-63.
Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.B., Biswas, M.
and Alam, A. H. (2015). In vitro antioxidant
and free radical scavenging activity of
different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing
in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes, 8:
62(2015).https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-
015-1618-6
Sofowora, A. (1993). Medicinal Plants and
Traditional Medicine in Africa, 2nd ed.
Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited. Pp.134–
156.
Sun, B., Ricardo-Da-Silva, J. M. and
Spranger, I. (1998). Critical Factors of
Vanillin Assay for Catechins and
Proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agriculture
and Food Chemistry, 46: 4267-4274.
Trease, G. E. and Evans, W. C. (1989).
Pharmacology 11th Edn., BailliereTindall
Ltd., London, Pp. 60-75.
Truong, D. H., Nguyen, D. H., Ta, N. T. A.,
Bui, A. V., Do, T. H. and Nguyen, H. C.
(2019). Evaluation of the Use of Different
Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents,
Antioxidants and In Vitro Anti-
Inflammatory Activities of
Severiniabuxifolia. Hindawi J. Food Qual.,
2019: 1-9 Article ID 8178294.
Ugwu, O. P., Nwodo O.F., Joshua, P.E.,
Bawa, A., Ossai, E.C. and Odo, C.E.
(2013). Phytochemical and Acute Toxicity
Studies of
MoringaoleiferaEthanolLeafExtract. Intl.
Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and
Pharmaceutical Research, 2013: 2(2), 66-
71.