Assay of Bioactive Compounds in Stored Kolanuts
Main Article Content
Abstract
Kolanuts are widely consumed by humans. The medicinal and therapeutic potentials of plants are credited to their bioactive compounds. This study was aimed at investigating the bioactive compounds in kolanuts from Ifelodun and Odo-Otin Local Government Areas of Osun State, popular kolanut producing LGAs in Nigeria. The bioactive compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CG-MS) to analyse crude extracts of the kolanuts using acetone:methanol (1:1 v/v) as the extractant. Twenty five (25) bioactive compounds were identified, with 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (32.91%) being the predominant compound. Six (6) of the bioactive compounds were common in all the kolanuts (caffeine, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (z,z), methyl stearate, and phthalic acid, di(oct-3-yl) ester). Some of the bioactive compounds were identified only in the kolanuts from Ifelodun L.G.A. e.g. nonanoic acid, methyl-2-octylcyclopropene-1-heptanoate, 9-octadecanoic acid (z), 9-octadecanoic acid. Also, 11-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (z), 2-chloroethyl linoleate, bicyclo (4.1.0) heptane, etc were present only in the kolants from Odo-Otin L.G.A. Out of the 25 bioactive compounds identified, only 12 have been reported to be present in kolanuts some of e.g. caffeine, n-Hexadecanoic acid, etc, while the remaining 13 have been reported in other plants other than kolanuts.
Article Details
How to Cite
Olahan, G. S., Ajadi, I., & Issa, B. T. (2024). Assay of Bioactive Compounds in Stored Kolanuts. The Bioscientist Journal, 11(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v11i3.160
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdoudramane, W.D.B., Virginie, M.D., Aimée, G. and Edwige, B.O. (2021). Impact of organic or conventional cultivation and drying method on phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C contents in tomato. World J. Adv. Res. Rev., 10: 360-372.
Abubakar, M.N. and Majinda, R. (2016). GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines, 3(3): 1 - 9.
Adebayo, S.A. and Oladele, O.J. (2012). Medicinal values of kolanut in Nigeria: an implication for extension services delivery. Life Sciences Journal, 9(2): 887 - 891.
Adeniyi, A., Ayodele, O.D. and Akinnuoye, G.A. (2017). Comparative Study of the Proximate and Fatty Acid Profiles of Cola Nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 4(6): 80 - 84.
Adesanwo, J.K., Ogundele, S.B., Akinpelu, D.A. and McDonald A.G. (2017a). Chemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts from Cola nitida seeds. Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology, 2: 67-77.
Adesanwo, J. K., Seun, B. O., David, A. A. and Armando, G. M. (2017b). Chemical Analyses, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Cola nitida Seed. Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology, 2(3): 67 - 77.
Asogwa, E.U., Anikwe, J.C. and Mokwunye, F.C. (2006). Kola production and utilization for economic development. African Scientist, 7(4): 217 - 222.
Atawodi, S.E., Mende, P., Pfundstein, B., Preussmann, R. and Spiegelhalder, B. (1995). Nitrosatable amines and nitrosamide formation in natural stimulant: C. acuminata, C. nitida and Garcinia cola. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33(8): 625-630.
Atawodi, S.E., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H. and Owen, R.W. (2007). Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Nigerian Stimulants Cola nitida ssp. alba, Cola nitida ssp. rubra, and Cola acuminata (Schott & Endl) and Their Antioxidant Capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(24): 9824–9828.
Babaiwa, U.F., Eraga, S.O., Ojugo, E.O., Erharuyi, O. and Akerele, J.O. (2020). A preliminary study on the antimicrobial activities and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker seeds. Bio-Research journal, 18(1): 1094-1102.
Buraimoh, A.A., Sumanu, A. and Ojo, S.A. (2014). Histological observations of the cerebellum of wistar rat following the administration of ethanolic extract of Cola nitida. Annals of Experimental Biology, 2(1): 58 - 62.
Ganesh, M. and Mohankumar, M. (2017). Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm.f.) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J. Food Sci. Technol., 54(10): 3082 - 3091.
Hadi, M.Y., Mohammad, G.J. and Hameed, I. H. (2016). Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Nigella sativa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 8(2): 8 – 24.
Hema R., Kumaravel, S. and Alagusundaram, K. (2011). GC/MS determination of bioactive components of Murraya koenigii. Journal of American Science, 7: 80 - 83.
Jaksa, S., Endrini, S., Umeda, M., Izzah, W.N., Zen, W.M. and Othman, F. (2013). Effects of Cola nitida on tumour marker enzymes in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Med. Plant Res., 7(18): 1222 - 1226.
Jayashree, S., Vijayalakshmi, K. and Thomas, R.R. (2018). Identification of Bioactive compounds in Cyperus rotundus by GC-MS Analysis and their inhibitory effect on Diabetic complications through Molecular Docking. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(09): 1711 - 1719.
Khan, I.A.T., Riazuddin, P. Z. and Ahmed, M. (2007). Multi-residue determination of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphorus pesticides in whole wheat flour using gas chromatography. Bull Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 79:454–458
Lateef, A., Azeez, M.A., Asafa, T.B., Yekeen, T.A., Akinboro, A. and Oladipo, I.C. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a pod extract of Cola nitida: Antibacterial, antioxidant activities and application as a paint additive. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10(4): 551 - 562.
Mazumder, K. Nabila, L. Aktar, A. and Farahnaky, A. (2020). Bioactive Variability and In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Unprocessed and Processed Flour of Nine Cultivars of Australian lupin Species: A Comprehensive Substantiation. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(4): 282.
Mitani, H., Ryu, A., Suzuki, T., Yamashita, M., Arakane, K. and Koide, C. (2007). Tropical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives to prevent UV induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 3(2): 86 - 94.
Nakaziba, R., Amanya, S.B., Sesaazi, C.D., Byarugaba, F., Ogwal-Okeng, J. and Alele, P.E. (2022). Antimicrobial Bioactivity and GC-MS Analysis of Different Extracts of Corchorus olitorius L. Leaves. Available @ https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3382302
Niemenak, N., Onomo, P.E., Lieberei, R. and Ndoumou, D.O. (2008). Purine alkaloids and Phenolic compounds in three Cola spp and Garcinia cola grown in Cameroon. S. Afr. J. Bot., 74(4): 629 - 638.
Odebode, A.C. (1996). Phenolic compounds in Kolanut (C. nitida and C. acuminata) (Sterculiaceaea). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44(2): 513 - 515.
Okada, Y., Motoya, T., Tanimoto, S., & Nomura, M. (2011). A study on fatty acids in seeds of Euterpe oleracea Mart seeds. J. Oleo. Sci., 60(9): 463 - 467.
Okwu D.E., & Morah F.N.I. (2006). The potentials of Garcini kola seeds as source for nutraceuticals. J. Med. Arom. Plant. Sci., 28: 605.
Qadir, A., Aqil, M., Ali, A., Ahmad, F.J., Ahmad, S., Arif, M. and Khan, N. (2020). GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of Smilax china and Salix alba and their antioxidant activity. Turk. J. Chem., 44(2): 352 – 363.
Riazuddin, K., Iqbal, M.F. and Abbas, M. (2011), Determination of multi-residue insecticides of organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroids in wheat. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 87 (3): 303 - 306.
Salahdeen, H.M., Omoaghe, A.O., Ishehunwa, G.O., Murtala, B.A. and Alada, A.R.A. (2015). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extract of kolanut (Cola nitida) (Vent) and its toxicity studies in rats. Journal of medicinal plants Research, 9(3): 56 - 70.
Sahin, N., Kola, I. and Erdogan, Y. (2006). Investigation of antimicrobial activities of nonanoic acid derivatives. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 15(2): 141 – 143.
Salini, T.S, Divakaran, D., Shabanamol, S., Sharrel, R., & Jisha, M.S. (2014). World J. Pharm. Res., 3: 87.
Seanogo, C.T. and Roland, N.N. (2012). Identification and Antibacterial Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia kola (Heckel) Seeds. Molecules, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 17(6): 6569 - 6584.
Semwal, P., Painuli, S. and Badoni, H. (2018). Screening of phytoconstituents and antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus from Uttarakhand Himalaya. Clin. Phytosci., 4: 30.
Shoge, M. and Amusan, T. (2020). Phytochemical, Antidiarrhoeal activity, Isolation and Characterisation of 11-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl ester Isolated from the seeds of Acacia nilotica Linn. Journal of Biotechnology and Immunology, 2(1): 1 –12.
Solorzano-Santos, F. and Miranda-Novales M.G. (2012). Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 23: 136.
Toha, Z., Haron, N.H., Kamal, N.N.S. and Arsad, H. (2020). Antioxidant, Antiproliferative Activities and Chemical Profile of Clinacanthus nutans Leaf Extracts Processed Using Two Different Pre-Extraction Drying Methods. Med. Aromat. Plants (Los Angeles) 9: 361.
Tomaz, A.A, Cavalcanti, G.E., Vanderlei, M.F. and Leitão, E.V. (2012). Analysis and characterization of methyl esters of fatty acids of some Gracilaria species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 44: 303 - 306
Abubakar, M.N. and Majinda, R. (2016). GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines, 3(3): 1 - 9.
Adebayo, S.A. and Oladele, O.J. (2012). Medicinal values of kolanut in Nigeria: an implication for extension services delivery. Life Sciences Journal, 9(2): 887 - 891.
Adeniyi, A., Ayodele, O.D. and Akinnuoye, G.A. (2017). Comparative Study of the Proximate and Fatty Acid Profiles of Cola Nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola. American Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 4(6): 80 - 84.
Adesanwo, J.K., Ogundele, S.B., Akinpelu, D.A. and McDonald A.G. (2017a). Chemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts from Cola nitida seeds. Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology, 2: 67-77.
Adesanwo, J. K., Seun, B. O., David, A. A. and Armando, G. M. (2017b). Chemical Analyses, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Cola nitida Seed. Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology, 2(3): 67 - 77.
Asogwa, E.U., Anikwe, J.C. and Mokwunye, F.C. (2006). Kola production and utilization for economic development. African Scientist, 7(4): 217 - 222.
Atawodi, S.E., Mende, P., Pfundstein, B., Preussmann, R. and Spiegelhalder, B. (1995). Nitrosatable amines and nitrosamide formation in natural stimulant: C. acuminata, C. nitida and Garcinia cola. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33(8): 625-630.
Atawodi, S.E., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H. and Owen, R.W. (2007). Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Nigerian Stimulants Cola nitida ssp. alba, Cola nitida ssp. rubra, and Cola acuminata (Schott & Endl) and Their Antioxidant Capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(24): 9824–9828.
Babaiwa, U.F., Eraga, S.O., Ojugo, E.O., Erharuyi, O. and Akerele, J.O. (2020). A preliminary study on the antimicrobial activities and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker seeds. Bio-Research journal, 18(1): 1094-1102.
Buraimoh, A.A., Sumanu, A. and Ojo, S.A. (2014). Histological observations of the cerebellum of wistar rat following the administration of ethanolic extract of Cola nitida. Annals of Experimental Biology, 2(1): 58 - 62.
Ganesh, M. and Mohankumar, M. (2017). Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm.f.) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J. Food Sci. Technol., 54(10): 3082 - 3091.
Hadi, M.Y., Mohammad, G.J. and Hameed, I. H. (2016). Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Nigella sativa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 8(2): 8 – 24.
Hema R., Kumaravel, S. and Alagusundaram, K. (2011). GC/MS determination of bioactive components of Murraya koenigii. Journal of American Science, 7: 80 - 83.
Jaksa, S., Endrini, S., Umeda, M., Izzah, W.N., Zen, W.M. and Othman, F. (2013). Effects of Cola nitida on tumour marker enzymes in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis. J. Med. Plant Res., 7(18): 1222 - 1226.
Jayashree, S., Vijayalakshmi, K. and Thomas, R.R. (2018). Identification of Bioactive compounds in Cyperus rotundus by GC-MS Analysis and their inhibitory effect on Diabetic complications through Molecular Docking. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(09): 1711 - 1719.
Khan, I.A.T., Riazuddin, P. Z. and Ahmed, M. (2007). Multi-residue determination of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphorus pesticides in whole wheat flour using gas chromatography. Bull Environ. Contam.Toxicol., 79:454–458
Lateef, A., Azeez, M.A., Asafa, T.B., Yekeen, T.A., Akinboro, A. and Oladipo, I.C. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a pod extract of Cola nitida: Antibacterial, antioxidant activities and application as a paint additive. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10(4): 551 - 562.
Mazumder, K. Nabila, L. Aktar, A. and Farahnaky, A. (2020). Bioactive Variability and In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Unprocessed and Processed Flour of Nine Cultivars of Australian lupin Species: A Comprehensive Substantiation. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(4): 282.
Mitani, H., Ryu, A., Suzuki, T., Yamashita, M., Arakane, K. and Koide, C. (2007). Tropical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives to prevent UV induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 3(2): 86 - 94.
Nakaziba, R., Amanya, S.B., Sesaazi, C.D., Byarugaba, F., Ogwal-Okeng, J. and Alele, P.E. (2022). Antimicrobial Bioactivity and GC-MS Analysis of Different Extracts of Corchorus olitorius L. Leaves. Available @ https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3382302
Niemenak, N., Onomo, P.E., Lieberei, R. and Ndoumou, D.O. (2008). Purine alkaloids and Phenolic compounds in three Cola spp and Garcinia cola grown in Cameroon. S. Afr. J. Bot., 74(4): 629 - 638.
Odebode, A.C. (1996). Phenolic compounds in Kolanut (C. nitida and C. acuminata) (Sterculiaceaea). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 44(2): 513 - 515.
Okada, Y., Motoya, T., Tanimoto, S., & Nomura, M. (2011). A study on fatty acids in seeds of Euterpe oleracea Mart seeds. J. Oleo. Sci., 60(9): 463 - 467.
Okwu D.E., & Morah F.N.I. (2006). The potentials of Garcini kola seeds as source for nutraceuticals. J. Med. Arom. Plant. Sci., 28: 605.
Qadir, A., Aqil, M., Ali, A., Ahmad, F.J., Ahmad, S., Arif, M. and Khan, N. (2020). GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of Smilax china and Salix alba and their antioxidant activity. Turk. J. Chem., 44(2): 352 – 363.
Riazuddin, K., Iqbal, M.F. and Abbas, M. (2011), Determination of multi-residue insecticides of organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroids in wheat. Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 87 (3): 303 - 306.
Salahdeen, H.M., Omoaghe, A.O., Ishehunwa, G.O., Murtala, B.A. and Alada, A.R.A. (2015). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanolic extract of kolanut (Cola nitida) (Vent) and its toxicity studies in rats. Journal of medicinal plants Research, 9(3): 56 - 70.
Sahin, N., Kola, I. and Erdogan, Y. (2006). Investigation of antimicrobial activities of nonanoic acid derivatives. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 15(2): 141 – 143.
Salini, T.S, Divakaran, D., Shabanamol, S., Sharrel, R., & Jisha, M.S. (2014). World J. Pharm. Res., 3: 87.
Seanogo, C.T. and Roland, N.N. (2012). Identification and Antibacterial Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia kola (Heckel) Seeds. Molecules, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 17(6): 6569 - 6584.
Semwal, P., Painuli, S. and Badoni, H. (2018). Screening of phytoconstituents and antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus from Uttarakhand Himalaya. Clin. Phytosci., 4: 30.
Shoge, M. and Amusan, T. (2020). Phytochemical, Antidiarrhoeal activity, Isolation and Characterisation of 11-Octadecenoic Acid, Methyl ester Isolated from the seeds of Acacia nilotica Linn. Journal of Biotechnology and Immunology, 2(1): 1 –12.
Solorzano-Santos, F. and Miranda-Novales M.G. (2012). Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 23: 136.
Toha, Z., Haron, N.H., Kamal, N.N.S. and Arsad, H. (2020). Antioxidant, Antiproliferative Activities and Chemical Profile of Clinacanthus nutans Leaf Extracts Processed Using Two Different Pre-Extraction Drying Methods. Med. Aromat. Plants (Los Angeles) 9: 361.
Tomaz, A.A, Cavalcanti, G.E., Vanderlei, M.F. and Leitão, E.V. (2012). Analysis and characterization of methyl esters of fatty acids of some Gracilaria species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 44: 303 - 306