Geohelminthiasis and Its Risk Factors Among Pupils in Unubi Community, Nnewi South Local Government Area
Main Article Content
Abstract
Geohelminthiasis is a public health problem in Nigeria. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors involved in the transmission of geohelminthiasis. A total of 250 pupils from seven primary (three public, two private, and two mission) schools in Unubi, Anambra State, Nigeria participated in the study from June to November 2023. A total of 250 stool samples were collected from pupils and analyzed using wet mount preparation and formol-ether concentration technique to detect positive samples. Information on pupils’ risk factors for helminthiasis was elicited through questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to compare differences among variables at 95% confidence level. A total of 53 samples were positive for geohelminth eggs, giving an overall prevalence of 21.2% but only single infections with ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (12.8%), hookworm species 4.4%, and Trichuris trichiura 4.0% were encountered (P<0.05). Pupils aged 5-7 years recorded 30% prevalence while those 8-10 years recorded 18.3% (P>0.05). Males were more infected (22.5%) than females (19.6%) (P>0.05). Pupils from public schools had 30.6% prevalence and mission schools had 11.11% (P<0.05). This study highlighted potential health threats by geohelminths and calls for strategic deworming in the study area.
Article Details
How to Cite
Anyanwu , C., Onyido, A., & Okoye, E. (2024). Geohelminthiasis and Its Risk Factors Among Pupils in Unubi Community, Nnewi South Local Government Area. The Bioscientist Journal, 12(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i1.163
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Amaechi, E.C., Ohaeri, C.C. and Ukpai, O.M. (2013). Prevalence of Helminthiasis among School Children in Some Rural Communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 10(3):1817-1825.
Aniwada, E.C., Uleanya, N.D., Igbokwe, L.N., Onwasigwe, C. (2016). Soil Transmitted Helminths: Prevalence, Perception and Determinants among Primary School Children in Rural Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Diseases and Health, 15:1–12.
Anyaegbunam, L.C. and Uwa, C. (2019). Soil-transmitted Helminths among Primary School Children in Okija, Ihiala Local Government Area, Anambra State. Tropical Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 2(3):71-76.
Aribodor, D.N., Obikwelu, M.O., Ekwunife, .C ., Egbuche, I.C., Ezugbo-Nwobi, I. and Etaga, H. (2012). Preliminary Investigation of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Rural Comunities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Life Sciences. 6: 448-451.
Aribodor, D.N., Bassey, S.A., Voonuan, T., Sam-Wabo, S.O., Aribodor, O.B. and Ugwuanyi, I. K. (2019). Analysis of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminths Mixed Infections among Pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Control. Infections, Diseases and Health, 24(2): 96-106.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Available at http://www.cdc.gov./parasites/sth/. Accesed on January 10, 2013.
Cheesbrough, M. (2009). Parasitological tests. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 1. University Press, Cambridge, 5: 239-258.
Chukwuma, N.C., Ekejindu, I.M., Agbakoba, N.R., Ezeagwuna, D.A., Anaghalu, I.C and Nwosu, D.C. (2009). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Geohelminth Infections among Primary School Children in Ebenebe Town, Anambra State, Nigeria. Middle-east of Science and Research, 4(3): 211-215.
De Silva, N.R., Brooker, S., Hotez, P.J., Montressor, A., Engels, D. and Savioli, L.(2003). Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Reduce Diarrhoea in Less Developed Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5: 42–52.
Ekpenyong, E. and Eyo, J. E. (2008). Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths Infections among Schooling Children in Tropical Semi-Urban Communities. Animal Research International, 5(1): 804 – 810.
Elam, M. O., Ezeruigbo C. F., Nworie, A.1., Ugah, U.I., Igwe, C. and Okeh, E. N. (2018). Geohelminthiasis among Children from Three Rural Primary Schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Appraisal of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices. IDOSR Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1): 9-17.
Eneanya, C.I., and Njom, V.S. (2003). Geohelminth Contamination of Some Common Fruits and Vegetables in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24: 123-128.
Ezeagwuna, D. A., Okwelogu, I. S., Ekejindu, I. M.,Ogbuagu, C. N. (2009). The Prevalence and Socio-economic Factors of Intestinal Helminth Infections among Primary School Pupils in Ozubulu, Anambra State, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 9 (1).
Hassan, A.O., Ossai, A. C., Aladenika, S.T., Ogundeyi, S.B., Ojo, J.F., Fadeju, O.J. and Adebimpe, W.O. (2017). Soil-transmitted Helminthes among Primary School Children in Owo Metropolis. International Journal of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 4(1):28-38.
Holland, C.V. and Kennedy, M.W. (Eds.) (2002). The Geohelminths: Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm. Springer. pp 1-352.
Hotez, P.J., Kamath, A. (2009). Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(8):45 – 50.
Ivoke, N., Ikpor, N., Ivoke, O., Ekeh, F., Ezenwaji, N., Odo, G., Iyaji, F., Onoja, U. And Eyo, J. (2017). Geophagy as Risk Behaviour for Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in a Humid Tropical Zone of Nigeria. African Health Science, 17(1): 24 – 31.
Karshima, S.N. (2018). Prevalence and Distribution of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Nigerian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(69): 2 – 14.
Nmorsi, O.P.G., Isaac, C., Aashikpelokhai, I.S., Ukwandu, N.C.D. (2009). Geohelminthiasis among Nigerian Pre-school Age Children. International Journal of Medical Science, 1: 407–411.
Nzeukwu, C.L., Irikannu, K.C., Ihejie, P.O., Umeanaeto, P.U., Nzeukwu, A, C., Elosiuba, N.V., Onwuachusi, G.L., Obiefule, I.E., and Aniefuna, C.O. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections among Pupils in Awka South L.G.A, Anambra State, Nigeria: Short Communication. The Bioscientist Journal, 10(2): 156-166.
Obiukwu, M.O., Umeanaeto, P.U., Eneanya, C.I. and Nwaorgu, G.O. (2008). Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Helminths in School Children in Mbaukwu, Anambra State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitolog,. 29(2): 15-19.
Odikamnoro, O.O. and Ike, I.M. (2004). Prevalence of Common Intestinal Nematode Infections among Primary School Children in Kpirikpiri Community of Abakaliki, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24:71-79.
Odinaka, K., Nwolisa, E., Mbanefo, F., Iheakaram, A. and Okolo, C. (2015). Prevalence and Pattern of Soil Transmitted Helminthic Infection among Primary School Children in a Rural Community in Imo state, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine, (10):11-55.
Ojurongbe, O. (2012). Terminating the Neglect of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa. Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis, 1(6): 118.
Ojurongbe, O., Oyesiji, K.F., Ojo, J.A, Odewale, G., Adefioye, O.A, Olowe, A.O, Opaleye, O.O., Bolaji, O.S and Ojurongbe, T.A. (2014).Soil-transmitted Infections among Primary School Children in Southwest, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study. International Research Journal of Medecine and Medical Sciences, 2(10): 6-10.
Okon, O.E and Oku, E.E. (2001). Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among School Children in Two Contrasting Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 22:115-l20.
Oluwole, A.S., Adeniran, A.A., Mogaji, H.O., Olabinke, D.B., Abe, E.M., Bankole, S.O., Sam-Wobo, S.O., Ekpo, U.F. (2018). Prevalence, Intensity and Spatial Co-distribution of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminths Infections in Ogun State, Nigeria. Parasitology, 5: 178-180.
Onuoha, E. O., Ofoezie, I. E. and Eyo, J. E. (2010). Influence of Human Demographic Characteristics on Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis in Nsukka zone, Enugu State, Nigeria. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, 3: 75 – 79.
Onyido, A.E., Okoye, M.M., Irikannu, K.C., Okafor, E.N., Ugha, C.N., Umeanaeto, P.U., Egbuche, C.M, Iwueze, M.O. and Ezeani, A.C. (2016). Intestinal Helminth Infections among Primary School Pupils in Nimo Community, Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra state, South-eastern Nigeria. Journal of Advance Research in Biology and Pharmacy Research, 1(4):44-48.
Phiri, K., Whitty, C. J. M., Graham, S. M., and Sembatya-Lule, G. (2000). Urban/rural Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Helminth Infection in Southern Malawi. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 94(4): 381 – 387.
Rwang, P.G., Effiom, O.E., Ukah, S.U. and Matur, B.M. (2014). The Prevalence of Ascaris and Hookworm Infections among School Children in Obehie, Ukwa-West Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 35(1&2): 65-69.
Satellites.pro (2024). Unubi map, Nigeria, Anambra region-Google. Retrieved from https://satellites.pro/Google_plan/Unubi_map.
Saka, M.J., Aremu, A.S. and Saka, A.O.(2013). Soil-transmitted Helminth, Prevalence Rate and Risk Factor among School Children in Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science in Environmental Sanitation, 9: 139-143.
Salawu, S.A. and Ughele, V.A. (2015). Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths among School-age Children in Ife East Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 11(1): 139-151.
Sam-Wobo, S. O., Mafiana, C. F., Amusan, A. A., (2007). Health Knowledge and Hygiene Behaviours in Relation to Ascariasis among School Children in Ogun State, Nigeria. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 7 (2), 62-66.
Ukpai, O. M. and Ugwu, C. D. (2003). “The Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Tract Parasites in Primary School Children in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24:129–136.
Ukibe, S.N., Ukibe, N.R., Obi-Okaro, A.C. and Iwueze, M.O. (2018). Prevalence and Pattern of Soil Transmitted helminths (STHs) among Primary School Children at Nnewi, Nnewi-North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 28(1):1-6.
Ugbomoiko, U.S., Onajole, A.T., Edunogbola, L.D., (2006). Prevalence and Intensity of Geohelminths Infection in Oba Ile Community of Osun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 27: 62-67.
Uneke, C., Eze, K., Oyibo, P., Azu, N. and Ali, E. (2006). Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection in School Children in South Eastern Nigeria: The Public Health Implication. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, 4(1).
WHO (2012). Soil-transmitted Helminthiases. WHO Fact Sheet retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/STH. Accessed on 14th February, 2022.
World Health Organization (2017). Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections. Fact Sheet, Geneva.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis /2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row.
In Singh, A. S. and Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling Techniques & Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: An Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11):15.
Albonico, M., Ramsan, M., Wright, V., Jape, K., Haji, H. J., Taylor, M., Savioli, L. and Bickle, Q. (2002). Soil-Transmitted Nematode Infections and Mebendazole Treatment in Mafia Island School Children. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 96: 717 – 726.
Amaechi, E.C., Ohaeri, C.C. and Ukpai, O.M. (2013). Prevalence of Helminthiasis among School Children in Some Rural Communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Animal Research International, 10(3):1817-1825.
Aniwada, E.C., Uleanya, N.D., Igbokwe, L.N., Onwasigwe, C. (2016). Soil Transmitted Helminths: Prevalence, Perception and Determinants among Primary School Children in Rural Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Diseases and Health, 15:1–12.
Anyaegbunam, L.C. and Uwa, C. (2019). Soil-transmitted Helminths among Primary School Children in Okija, Ihiala Local Government Area, Anambra State. Tropical Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 2(3):71-76.
Aribodor, D.N., Obikwelu, M.O., Ekwunife, .C ., Egbuche, I.C., Ezugbo-Nwobi, I. and Etaga, H. (2012). Preliminary Investigation of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Rural Comunities in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Life Sciences. 6: 448-451.
Aribodor, D.N., Bassey, S.A., Voonuan, T., Sam-Wabo, S.O., Aribodor, O.B. and Ugwuanyi, I. K. (2019). Analysis of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminths Mixed Infections among Pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Control. Infections, Diseases and Health, 24(2): 96-106.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Available at http://www.cdc.gov./parasites/sth/. Accesed on January 10, 2013.
Cheesbrough, M. (2009). Parasitological tests. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 1. University Press, Cambridge, 5: 239-258.
Chukwuma, N.C., Ekejindu, I.M., Agbakoba, N.R., Ezeagwuna, D.A., Anaghalu, I.C and Nwosu, D.C. (2009). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Geohelminth Infections among Primary School Children in Ebenebe Town, Anambra State, Nigeria. Middle-east of Science and Research, 4(3): 211-215.
De Silva, N.R., Brooker, S., Hotez, P.J., Montressor, A., Engels, D. and Savioli, L.(2003). Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Reduce Diarrhoea in Less Developed Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5: 42–52.
Ekpenyong, E. and Eyo, J. E. (2008). Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths Infections among Schooling Children in Tropical Semi-Urban Communities. Animal Research International, 5(1): 804 – 810.
Elam, M. O., Ezeruigbo C. F., Nworie, A.1., Ugah, U.I., Igwe, C. and Okeh, E. N. (2018). Geohelminthiasis among Children from Three Rural Primary Schools in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Appraisal of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices. IDOSR Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1): 9-17.
Eneanya, C.I., and Njom, V.S. (2003). Geohelminth Contamination of Some Common Fruits and Vegetables in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24: 123-128.
Ezeagwuna, D. A., Okwelogu, I. S., Ekejindu, I. M.,Ogbuagu, C. N. (2009). The Prevalence and Socio-economic Factors of Intestinal Helminth Infections among Primary School Pupils in Ozubulu, Anambra State, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Epidemiology, 9 (1).
Hassan, A.O., Ossai, A. C., Aladenika, S.T., Ogundeyi, S.B., Ojo, J.F., Fadeju, O.J. and Adebimpe, W.O. (2017). Soil-transmitted Helminthes among Primary School Children in Owo Metropolis. International Journal of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 4(1):28-38.
Holland, C.V. and Kennedy, M.W. (Eds.) (2002). The Geohelminths: Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm. Springer. pp 1-352.
Hotez, P.J., Kamath, A. (2009). Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 3(8):45 – 50.
Ivoke, N., Ikpor, N., Ivoke, O., Ekeh, F., Ezenwaji, N., Odo, G., Iyaji, F., Onoja, U. And Eyo, J. (2017). Geophagy as Risk Behaviour for Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in a Humid Tropical Zone of Nigeria. African Health Science, 17(1): 24 – 31.
Karshima, S.N. (2018). Prevalence and Distribution of Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections in Nigerian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(69): 2 – 14.
Nmorsi, O.P.G., Isaac, C., Aashikpelokhai, I.S., Ukwandu, N.C.D. (2009). Geohelminthiasis among Nigerian Pre-school Age Children. International Journal of Medical Science, 1: 407–411.
Nzeukwu, C.L., Irikannu, K.C., Ihejie, P.O., Umeanaeto, P.U., Nzeukwu, A, C., Elosiuba, N.V., Onwuachusi, G.L., Obiefule, I.E., and Aniefuna, C.O. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections among Pupils in Awka South L.G.A, Anambra State, Nigeria: Short Communication. The Bioscientist Journal, 10(2): 156-166.
Obiukwu, M.O., Umeanaeto, P.U., Eneanya, C.I. and Nwaorgu, G.O. (2008). Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Helminths in School Children in Mbaukwu, Anambra State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitolog,. 29(2): 15-19.
Odikamnoro, O.O. and Ike, I.M. (2004). Prevalence of Common Intestinal Nematode Infections among Primary School Children in Kpirikpiri Community of Abakaliki, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24:71-79.
Odinaka, K., Nwolisa, E., Mbanefo, F., Iheakaram, A. and Okolo, C. (2015). Prevalence and Pattern of Soil Transmitted Helminthic Infection among Primary School Children in a Rural Community in Imo state, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine, (10):11-55.
Ojurongbe, O. (2012). Terminating the Neglect of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Africa. Journal of Medical Microbiology and Diagnosis, 1(6): 118.
Ojurongbe, O., Oyesiji, K.F., Ojo, J.A, Odewale, G., Adefioye, O.A, Olowe, A.O, Opaleye, O.O., Bolaji, O.S and Ojurongbe, T.A. (2014).Soil-transmitted Infections among Primary School Children in Southwest, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study. International Research Journal of Medecine and Medical Sciences, 2(10): 6-10.
Okon, O.E and Oku, E.E. (2001). Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among School Children in Two Contrasting Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 22:115-l20.
Oluwole, A.S., Adeniran, A.A., Mogaji, H.O., Olabinke, D.B., Abe, E.M., Bankole, S.O., Sam-Wobo, S.O., Ekpo, U.F. (2018). Prevalence, Intensity and Spatial Co-distribution of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminths Infections in Ogun State, Nigeria. Parasitology, 5: 178-180.
Onuoha, E. O., Ofoezie, I. E. and Eyo, J. E. (2010). Influence of Human Demographic Characteristics on Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis in Nsukka zone, Enugu State, Nigeria. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, 3: 75 – 79.
Onyido, A.E., Okoye, M.M., Irikannu, K.C., Okafor, E.N., Ugha, C.N., Umeanaeto, P.U., Egbuche, C.M, Iwueze, M.O. and Ezeani, A.C. (2016). Intestinal Helminth Infections among Primary School Pupils in Nimo Community, Njikoka Local Government Area, Anambra state, South-eastern Nigeria. Journal of Advance Research in Biology and Pharmacy Research, 1(4):44-48.
Phiri, K., Whitty, C. J. M., Graham, S. M., and Sembatya-Lule, G. (2000). Urban/rural Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Helminth Infection in Southern Malawi. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 94(4): 381 – 387.
Rwang, P.G., Effiom, O.E., Ukah, S.U. and Matur, B.M. (2014). The Prevalence of Ascaris and Hookworm Infections among School Children in Obehie, Ukwa-West Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 35(1&2): 65-69.
Satellites.pro (2024). Unubi map, Nigeria, Anambra region-Google. Retrieved from https://satellites.pro/Google_plan/Unubi_map.
Saka, M.J., Aremu, A.S. and Saka, A.O.(2013). Soil-transmitted Helminth, Prevalence Rate and Risk Factor among School Children in Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science in Environmental Sanitation, 9: 139-143.
Salawu, S.A. and Ughele, V.A. (2015). Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths among School-age Children in Ife East Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, 11(1): 139-151.
Sam-Wobo, S. O., Mafiana, C. F., Amusan, A. A., (2007). Health Knowledge and Hygiene Behaviours in Relation to Ascariasis among School Children in Ogun State, Nigeria. Tanzania Health Research Bulletin, 7 (2), 62-66.
Ukpai, O. M. and Ugwu, C. D. (2003). “The Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Tract Parasites in Primary School Children in Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 24:129–136.
Ukibe, S.N., Ukibe, N.R., Obi-Okaro, A.C. and Iwueze, M.O. (2018). Prevalence and Pattern of Soil Transmitted helminths (STHs) among Primary School Children at Nnewi, Nnewi-North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 28(1):1-6.
Ugbomoiko, U.S., Onajole, A.T., Edunogbola, L.D., (2006). Prevalence and Intensity of Geohelminths Infection in Oba Ile Community of Osun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 27: 62-67.
Uneke, C., Eze, K., Oyibo, P., Azu, N. and Ali, E. (2006). Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection in School Children in South Eastern Nigeria: The Public Health Implication. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, 4(1).
WHO (2012). Soil-transmitted Helminthiases. WHO Fact Sheet retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/STH. Accessed on 14th February, 2022.
World Health Organization (2017). Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections. Fact Sheet, Geneva.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis /2nd Edition, New York: Harper and Row.
In Singh, A. S. and Masuku, M. B. (2014). Sampling Techniques & Determination of Sample Size in Applied Statistics Research: An Overview. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(11):15.