Relationship Between Blood Groups, Rh Factor and Covid-19 Infection In Diyala Governorate, Baqubah
Main Article Content
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is one of the most dangerous pathogens affecting vertebrates, with most patients suffering from fever, dry cough, muscle pain, difficulty breathing, runny nose, and sore throat. It was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This virus belongs to the ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that infect many animals, such as bats, cats, and camels. This virus is transmitted to humans when they come into contact with these animals or their waste. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on people who had previously been infected with the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Baqubah from September 2023 to January 2024, and included 200 volunteers confirmed to be infected with COVID-19, whose ages range from 16 to 75 years. This study aim was to find the relationship between blood groups and prevalence of COVID-19. Blood samples were analyzed for ABO blood group and Rhesus (Rh) factor of the participants using Standard haematological techniques. The results showed that the infected individuals were 110 (55%) males and 90 (45%) females (P>0.05). The infection rates according to blood groups, A, O, AB, and B were 57.5%, 24.0%, 13.0%, and 5.5% respectively (P<0.05). Individuals with Rhesus factor positive contributed 93.5% cases while those with negative Rh contributed 6.5% (P<0.05). Age group 21-40 years had highest, 39.0% contribution while those > 60 years had least, 6.5% contribution (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study recorded significant between COVID-19 infection and the following variables: ABO blood groups, age groups, and Rh factor.
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How to Cite
Mohammad, S. Q. (2024). Relationship Between Blood Groups, Rh Factor and Covid-19 Infection In Diyala Governorate, Baqubah. The Bioscientist Journal, 12(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i1.164
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Zietz, M., Zucker, J., & Tatonetti, N. P. (2020). Associations between blood group and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. Nature communications, 11(1), 5761.
Al-Khikani, F.H.O. (2020). The role of blood group in COVID-19 infection: More information is needed. Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine, 3(3), 225
Al-Mafrgie, D.H.S. (2022). Relationship of ABO Blood Groups and the Rhesus factor Rh to Covid-19 Disease in a Sample of Dhuluiya City/Iraq, MSc thesis, College of Science University of Tikrit, Iraq.
Amin, S.A.M., & Ahmed, K.M. (2023). Survey of Oral Manifestation of Covid-19 in Medical Specialties in Sulaimaniyah City Hospitals. Diyala Journal of Medicine, 24(1), 127-140.
Andersen, K.G.; Rambaut, A.; Lipkin, W.I.; Holmes, E.C.; Garry, R.F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450-452.
Chen, C. (2010). Distribution of ABO and Rh (D) Blood Group and Quality Analysis. Int. J. Lab. Med. 31, 77–78.
Costa, F.F., Rosario, W.R., Ribeiro Farias, A.C., de Souza, R.G., Duarte Gondim, R.S., Barroso, W.A. (2020). Metabolic syndrome and COVID-19: an update on the associated comorbidities and proposed therapies. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14(5):809–14. https://doi.org/
Fan, Q., Zhang, W., Li, B., Li, D. J., Zhang, J., and Zhao, F. (2020). Association Between ABO Blood Group System and COVID-19 Susceptibility in Wuhan. Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol. 10, 404. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00404
Fei ,Z., Ting,Y., Ronghui, D., Guohui, F., Ying, L., Zhibo, L., Jie, X., Yeming,W., Bin, S., Xiaoying, G., Lulu, G., Yuan, W., Hui, L., Xudong,W., Jiuyang, Z., Shengjin,T., Yi,Z., Hua, C. and Bin, C. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Medicine Study & Research, 395 (10229), 1054-1062.
Goel, R., Bloch, E.M., Pirenne, F., Al‐Riyami, A.Z., Crowe, E., Dau, L., ... & ISBT COVID‐19 Working Group. (2021). ABO blood group and COVID‐19: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID‐19 working group. Vox sanguinis, 116(8), 849-861.
Göker, H., Karakulak, E. A., Demiroğlu, H., Ceylan, Ç. M. A., Büyükaşik, Y., Inkaya, A. Ç., ... & Ünal, S. (2020). The effects of blood group types on the risk of COVID-19 infection and its clinical outcome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(4), 679-683.
Hussein, N.S., Al-Rayahi, I.A., Muhsin, S.S., & Alameer, R.A.K. (2023). Comparison of IgG and Neutralizing Antibody Response After Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Iraqi Individuals. Journal of Techniques, 5(2), 129-133.
Jing, W., Zhao, S., Liu, J., & Liu, M. (2020). ABO blood groups and hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 10(1), e034114.
Khan, M.U., Khokhar, N., Ashraf, M.A., Ghani, M.U., Younas, S., Amin, I., ... & Ahmed, S. (2023). Association between COVID-19 Infection Susceptibility and ABO Blood Groups and Rhesus Antigen: COVID-19 Infection Susceptibility and ABO Blood Groups. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 46-50.
Khan, S., Siddique, R., Shereen, M.A. , Ali, A., Liu, J., Bai,Q., Bashir,N. and Mengzhou Xue, M. (2020). Emergence of a novel coronavirus,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2:biology and therapeutic options.journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 58(5): e00187-20.
Liu, N., Zhang, T., Ma, L., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Wei, W., ... & Li, H. (2021). The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Reviews, 48, 100785.
Mankelow TJ, Singleton BK, Moura PL, StevensHernandez CJ, Cogan NM, Gyorffy G, et al. (2021). Blood group type a secretors are associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 cardiovascular disease complications. EJHaem. 2:175–187.
Matzhold, E.M., Berghold, A., Bemelmans, M.K.B., Banfi, C., Stelzl, E., Kessler, H.H, et al. (2021).Lewis and ABO histo-blood group s and the secretor status of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 implicate a role for ABO antibodies in susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Transfusion. 61:2736–2745
Mehrmolaei, S., Savargiv, M., & Keyvanpour, M. R. (2023). Hybrid learning-oriented approaches for predicting Covid-19 time series data: A comparative analytical study. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 126, 106754.
Mehta, S. (2005). Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (Paperback).
Mohammad, S.Q. (2023). Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Guide to Post-Recovery Symptoms in Diyala Governorate, Eastern Iraq. International Journal of Applied Biology, 7(2):35-45.
Moslemi, C., Sækmose, S., Larsen, R., Brodersen, T., Didriksen, M., Hjalgrim, H., ... & Pedersen, O. B. (2023). A large cohort study of the effects of Lewis, ABO, 13 other blood groups, and secretor status on COVID‐19 susceptibility, severity, and long COVID‐19. Transfusion, 63(1), 47-58.
Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T., Thiel, V., Janke, C., Guggemos, W. et al. (2020). Transmission of 2019-NCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 970–971. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Salehi, S., Abedi, A., Balakrishnan, S., & Gholamrezanezhad, A. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. Ajr Am J Roentgenol, 215(1), 87-93.
Samadizadeh, S., Masoudi, M., Rastegar, M., Salimi, V., Shahbaz, M. B., and Tahamtan, A. (2021). COVID-19: Why does disease severity vary among individuals?. Respiratory Medicine, 106356
Shibeeb, S., Khan, A. (2021). Thrombotic and Hypercoagulability Complications of COVID-19: An Update. J Blood Med. (12):785–793. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S316014. 11.
Singh, P.P., Srivastava, A.K., Upadhyay, S.K., Singh, A., Gupta, P., Maurya, S., ... and Chaubey, G. (2021). The association of ABO blood group with the asymptomatic COVID-19 cases in India. medRxiv.
Sticchi Damiani, A., Zizza, A., Banchelli, F., Gigante, M., De Feo, M. L., Ostuni, A., ... & Seroprevalence COVID Blood Donors Study Group. (2023). Association between ABO blood groups and SARS-CoV-2 infection in blood donors of Puglia region. Annals of Hematology, 102(10), 2923-2931.
Tiongco, R. E., Paragas, N. A., Dominguez, M. J., Lasta, S. L., Pandac, J. K., & Pineda-Cortel, M. R. (2020). ABO blood group antigens may be associated with increased susceptibility to schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of helminthology, 94, e21.
Zhao, J., Yang, Y., Huang, H., Li, D., Gu, D., Lu, X., ... & Wang, P. G. (2021). Relationship between the ABO blood group and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) susceptibility. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(2), 328-331.
Zietz, M., Zucker, J., & Tatonetti, N. P. (2020). Associations between blood group and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. Nature communications, 11(1), 5761.