NUMERICAL TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF THE GENUS ZIZIPHUS IN KATSINA STATE, NORTHWEST NIGERIA
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Abstract
The genus Ziziphus is a tropical genus that is native to the Northern hemisphere. The identification of the species in the genus is confusing due to their phenotypic diversity. In this study, numerical taxonomic approach was employed to identify the species in Katsina and to evaluate the useful characters to be use in delimiting the species. A total of 40 specimens were collected and subjected to morphological examination using both qualitative and quantitative characters. The result of the multivariate analysis revealed four major clusters at Euclidean distance of 0.58 and cophenetic correlation coefficient value of (r)=0.675. The result revealed that Ziziphus is represented by four species in Katsina, namely: Z. spina-christi, Z. mauritiana, Z. mucronata and Z. abyssinica. The petiole length, seed weight, leaf length are the important characters that were useful in delimiting the species with coefficient of variation of 41.06 %, 39.08 % and 33.67 %, respectively.
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How to Cite
M. S. Gidado, & Yaradua, S. (2024). NUMERICAL TAXONOMY AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF THE GENUS ZIZIPHUS IN KATSINA STATE, NORTHWEST NIGERIA. The Bioscientist Journal, 12(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i1.171
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Sneath, P. H. A. and Sokal R. R. (1973). Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco
Saran, P.L., Godara, A.K., Yadav, I.S., Sehrawat, S.K., Lal, G. (2006). Morphological diversity among Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) genotypes collected at Hisar, India. J. Food Agric. Environ. 4, 172–175.
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Verma, R.K., Pandey, M., Indoria, M.D., Singh, R. and Suthar, S. 2018 Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana for Wound Healing Activity in Albino Rats. Trop. J. Pharm. Life Sci. 5, pp.08- 18.
Warburton, C.L., James, E.A., Fripp, Y.J., Trueman, S.J. and Wallace, H.M. (2000). Clonality and sexual reproductive failure in remnant populations of Santalum lanceolatum (Santalaceae). Biol. Conserv. 96: 45–54.
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Young, A.G., Brown, A.H.D. and Zich F.A. (1999). Genetic structure of fragmentated populations of the endangered daisy Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides. Conserv. Biol. 13: 256–265.
Bhansali, A. K. (1975). Monographic Study of the family Rhamnaceae of India. Ph.D. thesis, University of Jodhpur, India.
DeMauro, M.M. (1993). Relationship of breeding system to rarity in the Lakeside Daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra). Conserv. Biol. 7: 542–550.
DeMauro, M.M. (1994). Development and implementation of a recovery program for the federally threatened Lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra). In: Bowles M.L. and Whelan C.J. (eds), Restoration of Endangered Species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 298–321.
Evreinoff, V. A. (1964). Notes sur le jujubier (Ziziphus jujuba Gaertner). Journal d’agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliqué. 11, 177– 187.
Ferrazzini, D., Monteleone I. and Belletti, P. (2008). Small-scale genetic diversity in one seed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jaq.). Eur. J. For. Res. 127, 407–414.
Gao, Q.H., Wu, P.T., Liu, J.R., Wu, C.S., Parry, J.W. and Wang M. (2011). Physio-chemical properties and antioxidant capacity of different jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) cultivars grown in loess plateau of China. Sci. Hortic. 130, 67–72.
Godt, M.J.W., Hamrick, J.L. and Bratton, S. (1995). Genetic diversity on a threatened wetland species, Helonias bullata (Liliaceae). Conser. Biol. 9: 596–604.
Hammer, O., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D. (2001). PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 1–9.
Hamedi, S.H., Shams-Ardakani, M.R., Sadeghpour, O., Amin, Gh., Hajighasemali, D. and Orafai, H. (2016). Designing mucoadhesive discs containing stem bark extract of Ziziphus jujuba based on Iranian traditional documents. Iran Basic Med Sci. 19, 330– 336.
Hjalmarsson, I., and Ortiz, R. (2000). In situ and ex situ assessment of morphological and fruit variation in Scandinavian sweet cherry. Sci. Hortic. 3, 37–49.
Hauenschild, F., Matuszak, S., Muellner-Riehl, A.N. and Favre A. (2016). Phylogenetic relationships within the cosmopolitan buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) support the resurrection of Sarcomphalus and the description of Pseudoziziphus gen. nov. Taxon 65, 47–64.
Hemmati, M., Asghari, S., Zohoori E. and Karamian, M. (2015). Hypoglycemic effects of three Iranian edible plants; jujube, barberry and saffron: Correlation with serum adiponectin level. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 28, 2095–2099.
Hotelling, H. (1933). Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. J. Edu. Psy. 24: 417-441.
Hotelling, H. (1936). Simplified calculation of principal components. Psychometrika 1: 27-35.
Humphries, J. M., Bookstein, F. L., Chernoff, B., Smith, G.R., Elder, R. L. and Poss, S. G. (1981). Multivariate discrimination by shape in relation to size. Syst. Zool. 30: 291-308.
Islam, M.B. and Simmons, M.P. (2006). A thorny dilemma: testing alternative intrageneric classififications within Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae). Syst. Botany. 31, 826–842.
Islam, M.B. and Guralnick, R.P. (2015). Generic placement of the former Condaliopsis (Rhamnaceae) species. Phytotaxa. 25, 25–39.
Karadeniz, T. (2002). Selection of native ‘Cornelian’ cherries grown in Turkey. J. Am. Pomol. Soc. 56, 164–167.
Khadivi-Khub, A. and Anjam, K. (2014). Morphological characterization of Prunus scoparia using multivariate analysis. Plant Syst. Evol. 300, 1361–1372.
Liu, M.J. and Cheng, C.Y. (1995). A taxonomic study on the genus Ziziphus. Acta Hortic. 390, 161–165.
Liu, M. J., and Qi, Y. F. (2004). Embryo rescue of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Acta Hortic. 663, 479–482.
Markovski, A. and Velkoska-Markovska, L. (2015). Investigation of the morphometric characteristics of jujube types (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) fruits in Republic of Macedonia. Genetika. 47, 33–43.
Medan, D. and Schirarend, C. (2004). Rhamnaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Springer, New York, pp. 320–338.
Richardson, I.E., Fayx, M.F., Crank, Q.C.B., Bowman, D. and Chase, M.W. (2000). A phylogenetic analysis of Rhamnaceae using rbcL and trnL-F plastid DNA sequences. Am. J. Bot. 87, 1309–1324
Rohfl F. J. (1998). NTSYS-PC: Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System. Version 2.02j. Applied Biostatistics Inc., New York.
Sobhani, Z., Nikoofal-Sahlabadi, S., Amiri, M.S., Ramezani, M., Emami, S.A., Sahebkar, A. (2019). Therapeutic effects of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. fruit in traditional and modern medicine: A review. Med. Chem.
Sneath, P. H. A. and Sokal R. R. (1963). Principles of Numerical Taxonomy, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, San Francisco
Sokal, R. R and Rohlf, J. F. (1997). Biometry. 3rd Edition. 85 pp. W. H. Freeman & Co,New York.
Sneath, P. H. A. and Sokal R. R. (1973). Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco
Saran, P.L., Godara, A.K., Yadav, I.S., Sehrawat, S.K., Lal, G. (2006). Morphological diversity among Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) genotypes collected at Hisar, India. J. Food Agric. Environ. 4, 172–175.
Verma, S., (2016). A Review on Ziziphus numularia: Valuable Medicinal Plant of Desert. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5(3), pp.539-542.
Verma, R.K., Pandey, M., Indoria, M.D., Singh, R. and Suthar, S. 2018 Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana for Wound Healing Activity in Albino Rats. Trop. J. Pharm. Life Sci. 5, pp.08- 18.
Warburton, C.L., James, E.A., Fripp, Y.J., Trueman, S.J. and Wallace, H.M. (2000). Clonality and sexual reproductive failure in remnant populations of Santalum lanceolatum (Santalaceae). Biol. Conserv. 96: 45–54.
Weekley, C.W. and Race. T. (2001). The breeding system of Ziziphus celata Judd and D.W.Hall (Rhamnaceae), a rare endemic plant of the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA: implications for recovery. Biol. Conserv. 100, 207–213.
Young, A.G., Brown, A.H.D. and Zich F.A. (1999). Genetic structure of fragmentated populations of the endangered daisy Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides. Conserv. Biol. 13: 256–265.