COMPARATIVE PROXIMATE, PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ON AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM FRUIT AND LEAF.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Gongronema latifolium a tropical plant, has been extensively studied for its medicinal relevance and antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the comparative proximate, phytochemical, and antioxidant effects on aqueous extracts from G. latifolium fruit and leaf. The phytochemical and proximate composition of the fruit and leaf were assessed using standard analytical methods, while the antioxidant assays were conducted using colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the Gongronema latifolium fruit sample contain higher levels of total phenol (38.21±0.99), tannin (30.79±0.94) and flavonoid (29.78±0.64) than leaf samples. The proximate composition showed that G. latifolium leaf and fruit sample possessed significant carbohydrate and crude fat content, while the fruit sample contained higher ash content (4.47 ± 0.70%) compared to the leaf sample (1.80 ± 0.13%). In the antioxidant assay, the DPPH scavenging activity of the leaf extract (303.41µg/ml) had a lower EC50 value than the fruit extract (371.26µg/ml) while the fruit extract showed a higher IC50 (517.11 µg/ml) than the leaf extract (644.00µg/ml). The in vitro assay demonstrated strong antioxidant properties, with fruit extracts exhibiting higher activity than leaves. These findings suggest that G. latifolium fruit shows superior nutritional and antioxidant activity surpassing the leaf, making it highly recommended for managing diseases related to oxidative stress.
Article Details
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Okochi, C. V., Udedi, S. c., Asogwa, K. K., Ezenwelu, C. O., Nwolisah, O. S., & Ehichanya, C. A. (2024). COMPARATIVE PROXIMATE, PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ON AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM FRUIT AND LEAF. The Bioscientist Journal, 12(2), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i2.172
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, 1147-1161.
AOAC (2004). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (22nd Edition), Washington DC. 2217-2280.
Aremu, M. O., Aboshi, D. S., David, A., Agere, I. J.H., Audu, S. S. and Musa, B. Z. (2019). Compositional evaluation of bitter melon (Mormordica charantia) fruit and fruit pulp of ebony tree (Diospyros mespiliformis). International Journal of Science,8(1),80–89. https://doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1889.
Balogun, M.E., Besong, E.E., Obimma, J.N., Mbamalu, O.S and Djobissie, S.F.A (2016). Gongronema latifolium: A phytochemical, nutritional and pharmacological review. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advance.; 6(1): 811-824.
Barros, L., Soraia, F., Baptista, P., Cristina, F., Miguel, V. B., Isabel, C. F., and Ferreira, R. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. Mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays. Food Chemistry.111:61-66.
Chang, S. T., Wu, J. H., Wang, S. Y., Kang, P. L., Yang, N. S., and Shyur, L. F., (2001). "Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood." Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49(7): 3420– 3424.
Damunupola, D. A., Weerrathilake, W. A.and Sumanasekara, G. S. (2014). Evaluation of quality characteristics of goat milk yogurt incorporated with beetroot juice. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 4(10),1-5.
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S. F., Bahramian, F., and Bekhradnia, A. R.(2010). “Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of H. officinalis L. Var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcanaand C. speciosum”, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 23(1):29–34.
Ebrahimzadem, M. A., Jashidi, M., Shabani, E. and Hashemi, Z. (2014). Evaluation of three methods of the Extraction of Antioxidants from leaf and aerial parts of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). International food research journal21(2): 783-788.
Elekofehinti O.O., Kamdem, J.P., Bolingon, A.A., Athayde, M.L., Lopes, S.R., Waczuk, E.P., Kade, I.J., Adanlawo, I.G. and Rocha, J.B.T. (.2013). African Eggplant (Solanum Anguivi Lam.) fruit with bioactive polyphenolic compounds exerts In Vitro antioxidant properties and inhibits Ca2+- Induced Mitochondrial Swelling. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,3(10): 757-766.
Fereidoon, S. and Ying, Z.H. (2010) Novel antioxidants in food quantity preservation and health promotion. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,2(8): 103
Fish, W. W., Davis, R. A., and PerkinsVeazie, P. (2002). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. PostharvestBiology and Technology, 28(2003):425-430.
Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 5th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, 21-72.
Heinonen, M. I. (1990). Carotenoids and provitamin A activity of carrot (Daucus carota, L) cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 38:609-612.
Isaac, I.O. and Ekpa, O. D. (2009). Minerals and antinutrients in two varieties of African pear (Dacryodes edulis). Journal of Food Technology; 7(4):106–110.
Iwu, M. M. (2014). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.
Iwuozor, K. O. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative determination of antinutritional factors of five wine samples. Advanced Journal of Chemistry.2(2): 136-146.
Khalili, R.M.A., Shafekh, S.E., Norhayati, A.A., Fatahudin, I.M., Rahimah, R., Norkamaliah, H. and Azimah, A. N. (2013). Total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.12:416-422.
Kumbhare, M.R., Guleha, V. and Sivakumar, T. (2012). Estimation of Total Phenolic Content, Cytotoxicity and in-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Bark of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases,2(2):144 – 150
Lawal, A.R., Olayinka, B.U., Murtadha, R.A., Ayinla, A.A., Etejere, E.O. (2018): Comparative analysis of phytochemical and proximate composition of Allium sativum L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. Niger Journal of Basic Applied Science,26(2): 82 – 87. DOI: 10.4314/njbas. v26i2.12.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M., and Nicoli, M. C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. LebensmittelWissenschaft Und Technologie [Food Science and Technology], 31(7–8): 694–698.
Meir, S. J., Kanner, B. and Akiri, S.P.H. (1995). Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1813-1817.
Meyer, C. T., Wooten, D. J., Paudel, B. B., Bauer, J., Hardeman, K. N., Westover, D., Lovly, C. M., Harris, L. A., Tyson, D. R., and Quaranta, V. (2019). Quantifying drug combination synergy along potency and efficacy axes. Cell Systems, 8(2): 97-108.
Moinuddin, A., (2022). Nutritive and Medicinal value of Gongronema latifolium: Journal of Natural Products Discovery, 2022;1(1), DOI 10.24377/jnpd. article751
Morebise, O. (2015). A Review on Gongronema latifolium, an Extremely Useful Plant with Great Prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 10: 1- 9.
Mosango, D., (2022). Gongronema latifolium Benth. [online] Prota4u.org. Available at: [Accessed 13 August 2022].
Nalgonda, S. (2012) Differences between the nutritional aspects of artificially and naturally ripened banana.Journal of Food Processing & Technology,; 3(10): 153
Nwinuka, N. M., Ibeh, G. O. and Ekeke, G. I. (2005). Proximate composition and levels of some toxicants in four commonly consumed spices. Journal of Applied Science and Enivornment and Management. 9(1): 150-155.
Nwonu,P. C., Nwonu, C. N., Ogbonna, O. A., Nnamani, I. and Chijioke, P. C.(2023). Antimalarial and Haematological Effects of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gongronema latifolium on Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghe: Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,1682-3974 DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2023.277.283
Obeta, M.U., Ohanube., G.A.K. and Akram., M. (2021). The truth about vitamin c enriched plants and vegetables used in Nigeria for the management of covid-19. Edelweiss Food Science and Technology. 2: 7-9.
Odukoya, O.A., Ilori, O.O., Sofidiya, M.O., Aniunoh, O.A., Lawal, B.M. and Tade, I.O. (2005). Antioxidant activity of Nigerian dietary spices. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry;4:1086-1093.
Offor I.O.and Uchenwoke, C.E. (2015). Phytochemical Analysis and Proximate Composition of the Leaves of Gongronema latifolium: Global Journal of Pharmacology ;9 (2): 159-162.
Ojiako, O. A., Ejike, C. E. C. C., & Nwachukwu, E. (2013). Ethnobotanical and nutritional values of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) leaf and its uses-A review. African Journal of Food Science and Technology,4(2), 32-36.
Omodale, P.E., Enitan, S.S., Adejumo, E.N., Akinleye, W.A. and Bella, A.S. (2017). Protective effect of aqueous root extract of Gongronema latifolium against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity and chloroquine induced nephrotoxicity in rats). International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2017; 5(3) 115120.
Onwuka, G. I. (2005). Food analysis and instrumentation – Theory and practice. Naphthali Prints, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria. 2005;210.
Onwukeme, C. A., Udedi, S. C., Asogwa, K. K., Nwodo, N. M., and Ijeoma, W. C. (2023). Evaluation of chemical composition, proximate status and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium (benth) fruit: The Bioscientist Journal;11 (3): 242 – 255.
Opara, I.J., Onubia, M.E., Onunze, E.O., Oko-Udu, C.O., Aondoyima, I.A. (2018): Phytochemical screening and nutritional profile of Citrullus lanatus seeds. FUW Trends Science and Technology Journal, 3(1): 295 – 298
Osuagwu,O.L., Igwe,U.C., Nzebude,C.P., Njoku, O.C. and Ejiofor,J.C.( 2023). Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Traditional Anti-Cough Plants: Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics,13(7):22-29.
Osuagwu, A.N., Ekpo, I.A., Okpako, E.C and Ottoho, E. (2013). The Biology, Utilization and Phytochemical Composition of the fruits and leaves of Gongronema latifolium Benth.Journal of Agrotechnology, 2: 115-121
Owoyele, B. V., Oguntoye, S. O., Dare, K., Ogunbiyi, B. A., Aruboula, E. A. and Soladoye, A. O. (2008). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities from flavonoid fractions of Chromolaena odorata. Journal of Medicinal Plants Resources.2(9), 219-225.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6): 307–315.
Pakade, V., Cukrowska, E. and Chimuka, L. (2013). Metal and flavonol contents of Moringa oleifera grown in South Africa. South African Journal of Sciences, 109(3): 835 – 837.
Suleria, H. A. R., Barrow, C. J., and Dunshea, F. R. (2020). Screening and characterization of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity in different fruit peels. Foods, 9(9), 1206.
Veeru, P., Kishor, M.P. and Meenakshi, M. (2009). Screening of medicinal plants for antioxidant activities. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 3:608-612.
Young, S. M. and Greaves, J. S. (1999). Influence of varieties and treatment of phytin contents of wheat. Food Resources, 5: 103-105.
Aigbokhan, E.I. (2014). Annotated Checklist of Vascular Plants of Southern Nigeria, A Quick Reference Guide to the Vascular Plants of Southern Nigeria: a systematic approach. Uniben Press. Benin
Agwaramgbo, A., Ilodigwe, E. E., Ajaghaku, D. L., Onuorah, M. U., and Mbagwu, S. I. (2014). Evaluation of antioxidant, immunomodulatory activities, and safety of ethanol extract and fractions of Gongronema latifolium fruit. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1(69) :52-72.
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition; AOAC: Arlington, Virginia, USA.
AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, 1147-1161.
AOAC (2004). Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (22nd Edition), Washington DC. 2217-2280.
Aremu, M. O., Aboshi, D. S., David, A., Agere, I. J.H., Audu, S. S. and Musa, B. Z. (2019). Compositional evaluation of bitter melon (Mormordica charantia) fruit and fruit pulp of ebony tree (Diospyros mespiliformis). International Journal of Science,8(1),80–89. https://doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1889.
Balogun, M.E., Besong, E.E., Obimma, J.N., Mbamalu, O.S and Djobissie, S.F.A (2016). Gongronema latifolium: A phytochemical, nutritional and pharmacological review. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advance.; 6(1): 811-824.
Barros, L., Soraia, F., Baptista, P., Cristina, F., Miguel, V. B., Isabel, C. F., and Ferreira, R. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Agaricus sp. Mushrooms by chemical, biochemical and electrochemical assays. Food Chemistry.111:61-66.
Chang, S. T., Wu, J. H., Wang, S. Y., Kang, P. L., Yang, N. S., and Shyur, L. F., (2001). "Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood." Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49(7): 3420– 3424.
Damunupola, D. A., Weerrathilake, W. A.and Sumanasekara, G. S. (2014). Evaluation of quality characteristics of goat milk yogurt incorporated with beetroot juice. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 4(10),1-5.
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S. F., Bahramian, F., and Bekhradnia, A. R.(2010). “Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of H. officinalis L. Var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcanaand C. speciosum”, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 23(1):29–34.
Ebrahimzadem, M. A., Jashidi, M., Shabani, E. and Hashemi, Z. (2014). Evaluation of three methods of the Extraction of Antioxidants from leaf and aerial parts of Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). International food research journal21(2): 783-788.
Elekofehinti O.O., Kamdem, J.P., Bolingon, A.A., Athayde, M.L., Lopes, S.R., Waczuk, E.P., Kade, I.J., Adanlawo, I.G. and Rocha, J.B.T. (.2013). African Eggplant (Solanum Anguivi Lam.) fruit with bioactive polyphenolic compounds exerts In Vitro antioxidant properties and inhibits Ca2+- Induced Mitochondrial Swelling. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,3(10): 757-766.
Fereidoon, S. and Ying, Z.H. (2010) Novel antioxidants in food quantity preservation and health promotion. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology,2(8): 103
Fish, W. W., Davis, R. A., and PerkinsVeazie, P. (2002). A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. PostharvestBiology and Technology, 28(2003):425-430.
Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis 5th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, 21-72.
Heinonen, M. I. (1990). Carotenoids and provitamin A activity of carrot (Daucus carota, L) cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 38:609-612.
Isaac, I.O. and Ekpa, O. D. (2009). Minerals and antinutrients in two varieties of African pear (Dacryodes edulis). Journal of Food Technology; 7(4):106–110.
Iwu, M. M. (2014). Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press.
Iwuozor, K. O. (2019). Qualitative and quantitative determination of antinutritional factors of five wine samples. Advanced Journal of Chemistry.2(2): 136-146.
Khalili, R.M.A., Shafekh, S.E., Norhayati, A.A., Fatahudin, I.M., Rahimah, R., Norkamaliah, H. and Azimah, A. N. (2013). Total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.12:416-422.
Kumbhare, M.R., Guleha, V. and Sivakumar, T. (2012). Estimation of Total Phenolic Content, Cytotoxicity and in-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Bark of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases,2(2):144 – 150
Lawal, A.R., Olayinka, B.U., Murtadha, R.A., Ayinla, A.A., Etejere, E.O. (2018): Comparative analysis of phytochemical and proximate composition of Allium sativum L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. Niger Journal of Basic Applied Science,26(2): 82 – 87. DOI: 10.4314/njbas. v26i2.12.
Manzocco, L., Anese, M., and Nicoli, M. C. (1998). Antioxidant properties of tea extracts as affected by processing. LebensmittelWissenschaft Und Technologie [Food Science and Technology], 31(7–8): 694–698.
Meir, S. J., Kanner, B. and Akiri, S.P.H. (1995). Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1813-1817.
Meyer, C. T., Wooten, D. J., Paudel, B. B., Bauer, J., Hardeman, K. N., Westover, D., Lovly, C. M., Harris, L. A., Tyson, D. R., and Quaranta, V. (2019). Quantifying drug combination synergy along potency and efficacy axes. Cell Systems, 8(2): 97-108.
Moinuddin, A., (2022). Nutritive and Medicinal value of Gongronema latifolium: Journal of Natural Products Discovery, 2022;1(1), DOI 10.24377/jnpd. article751
Morebise, O. (2015). A Review on Gongronema latifolium, an Extremely Useful Plant with Great Prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 10: 1- 9.
Mosango, D., (2022). Gongronema latifolium Benth. [online] Prota4u.org. Available at: [Accessed 13 August 2022].
Nalgonda, S. (2012) Differences between the nutritional aspects of artificially and naturally ripened banana.Journal of Food Processing & Technology,; 3(10): 153
Nwinuka, N. M., Ibeh, G. O. and Ekeke, G. I. (2005). Proximate composition and levels of some toxicants in four commonly consumed spices. Journal of Applied Science and Enivornment and Management. 9(1): 150-155.
Nwonu,P. C., Nwonu, C. N., Ogbonna, O. A., Nnamani, I. and Chijioke, P. C.(2023). Antimalarial and Haematological Effects of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Gongronema latifolium on Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghe: Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,1682-3974 DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2023.277.283
Obeta, M.U., Ohanube., G.A.K. and Akram., M. (2021). The truth about vitamin c enriched plants and vegetables used in Nigeria for the management of covid-19. Edelweiss Food Science and Technology. 2: 7-9.
Odukoya, O.A., Ilori, O.O., Sofidiya, M.O., Aniunoh, O.A., Lawal, B.M. and Tade, I.O. (2005). Antioxidant activity of Nigerian dietary spices. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry;4:1086-1093.
Offor I.O.and Uchenwoke, C.E. (2015). Phytochemical Analysis and Proximate Composition of the Leaves of Gongronema latifolium: Global Journal of Pharmacology ;9 (2): 159-162.
Ojiako, O. A., Ejike, C. E. C. C., & Nwachukwu, E. (2013). Ethnobotanical and nutritional values of Gongronema latifolium (utazi) leaf and its uses-A review. African Journal of Food Science and Technology,4(2), 32-36.
Omodale, P.E., Enitan, S.S., Adejumo, E.N., Akinleye, W.A. and Bella, A.S. (2017). Protective effect of aqueous root extract of Gongronema latifolium against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity and chloroquine induced nephrotoxicity in rats). International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2017; 5(3) 115120.
Onwuka, G. I. (2005). Food analysis and instrumentation – Theory and practice. Naphthali Prints, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria. 2005;210.
Onwukeme, C. A., Udedi, S. C., Asogwa, K. K., Nwodo, N. M., and Ijeoma, W. C. (2023). Evaluation of chemical composition, proximate status and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Gongronema latifolium (benth) fruit: The Bioscientist Journal;11 (3): 242 – 255.
Opara, I.J., Onubia, M.E., Onunze, E.O., Oko-Udu, C.O., Aondoyima, I.A. (2018): Phytochemical screening and nutritional profile of Citrullus lanatus seeds. FUW Trends Science and Technology Journal, 3(1): 295 – 298
Osuagwu,O.L., Igwe,U.C., Nzebude,C.P., Njoku, O.C. and Ejiofor,J.C.( 2023). Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Extracts of Selected Traditional Anti-Cough Plants: Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics,13(7):22-29.
Osuagwu, A.N., Ekpo, I.A., Okpako, E.C and Ottoho, E. (2013). The Biology, Utilization and Phytochemical Composition of the fruits and leaves of Gongronema latifolium Benth.Journal of Agrotechnology, 2: 115-121
Owoyele, B. V., Oguntoye, S. O., Dare, K., Ogunbiyi, B. A., Aruboula, E. A. and Soladoye, A. O. (2008). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities from flavonoid fractions of Chromolaena odorata. Journal of Medicinal Plants Resources.2(9), 219-225.
Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction. Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 44(6): 307–315.
Pakade, V., Cukrowska, E. and Chimuka, L. (2013). Metal and flavonol contents of Moringa oleifera grown in South Africa. South African Journal of Sciences, 109(3): 835 – 837.
Suleria, H. A. R., Barrow, C. J., and Dunshea, F. R. (2020). Screening and characterization of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity in different fruit peels. Foods, 9(9), 1206.
Veeru, P., Kishor, M.P. and Meenakshi, M. (2009). Screening of medicinal plants for antioxidant activities. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 3:608-612.
Young, S. M. and Greaves, J. S. (1999). Influence of varieties and treatment of phytin contents of wheat. Food Resources, 5: 103-105.