PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, FTIR, AND GC-MS CHARACTERIZATION OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Artocarpus heterophyllus (JACK FRUIT)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich in phytochemicals—bioactive secondary metabolites—that are central to traditional medicinal practices. Despite the existence of approximately 350,659 medicinal plant species globally, only about 2% have been scientifically investigated for their phytochemical profiles and bioactivities. This study assessed the proximate composition, (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) characteristics of A. heterophyllus leaves. Proximate analysis revealed a high carbohydrate content (49.138%), followed by moisture (12.525%), fat and oil (10.418%), ash (10.094%), and fibre (8.988%). FTIR analysis identified multiple functional groups, including alkenes, alcohols, sulfonates, nitro compounds, aromatics, isothiocyanates, carboxylic acids, and alkanes, suggesting diverse chemical functionalities. GC-MS profiling detected 48 compounds, with the most abundant being Succinic acid, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl 2- methoxyphenyl ester (19.02%), and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (16.85%), among others. Literature comparison indicated that many of these compounds possess pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic effects. These findings support the traditional medicinal use of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves and highlight their potential for pharmaceutical development.
Article Details
How to Cite
Nwako, C. A., Ene, A. C., Nwaogu, L. A., & Nzebude, C. P. (2025). PROXIMATE ANALYSIS, FTIR, AND GC-MS CHARACTERIZATION OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Artocarpus heterophyllus (JACK FRUIT). The Bioscientist Journal, 13(1), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v13i1.186
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Nwako et al., 2025
Bioactive Compounds using
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heterophyllus Lam
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Nutritional and phytochemical
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Medicinal Plants Research,
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heterophyllus Lam. Asian
Journal of Pharmacy and
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https://doi.org/10.31024/AJPP.2
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krysagathra (Aristolochiaceae).
Journal of Current Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
2. 226 – 232.
Muhammad, A. W. M. B., Ramli, M.
S., Azmi, A. F. M. N.,
Dasiman, R., Zainon, F.,
Zainal, N. H., and Siva, R.
(2025). Phytochemical
screening of indian jujube
(Ziziphus mauritiana) and
jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.) leaves
extracted by ultrasound-
assisted extraction
(UAE). Journal of
Sustainability Science and
Management, 20(1), 139 – 152.
https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2
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Ambikapathy, V., Prakash, P.,
and Panneerselvam, A. (2025).
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of
phytochemical profiling of
some medicinal plants. Indian
Journal of Natural Sciences,
16(89), 92992–93002.
Okiki, P. A., Osibote, I. A., Balogun,
O., Oyinloye, B. E., Idris, O.,
Adelegan, O., Asoso, S. O., and
Olagbemide, P. T. (2015).
Evaluation of proximate,
minerals, vitamins and
phytochemical composition of
Moringa oleifera Lam.
cultivated in Ado Ekiti,
Nigeria. Advances in Biological
Research, 9(6), 436–443.
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ab
r.2015.9.6.96112
Okoye, T. C., Akah, P. A., Omeje, E.
O., Okoye, F. B. C., and
Nworu, C. S. (2023). GC-MS
analysis and biological
activities of Sida acuta leaf
extract. African Journal of
Traditional, Complementary
and Alternative Medicines,
20(1), 45–53.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.
v20i1.6
Ramya, R., Priyadharshini, S., and
Ranjitha Kumari, B. D. (2021).
GC-MS profiling of bioactive
compounds from ethanol leaf
extract of Hellenia speciosa
and their antioxidant potential.
Biocatalysis and Agricultural
Biotechnology, 33, 101982.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2
021.101982
Samadd, M. A., Hossain, M. R., Taher,
M. A., Hasan, M. M., Haque,
16
Nwako et al., 2025
S., Rafid, M. I., Hossia, S.,
Islam, A., and Khan, M.
(2024). Multifaceted chemico-
pharmacological insights into
Cynometra ramiflora L.:
unveiling its GC-MS,
cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-
diarrheal, hypoglycemic, and
analgesic potentials. Natural
Product
Communications, 19(5),
1934578X241257377.
https://doi.org/10.1177/193457
8X241257377.
Sundarraj, A.A. and Ranganathan, T.V.
(2017). Phytochemical
screening and spectroscopy
analysis of jackfruit
(Artocarpus integer Thumb.)
peel. International Research
Journal of Pharmacy, 8(9), 151
– 159.
Teneva, O., Petkova, Z., Dobreva, A.,
Dzhurmanski, A., and Antova,
G. (2025). Evaluation of the
Proximate Composition
of Amsonia
tabernaemontana Walt. Seeds
and Glyceride
Oil. Molecules, 30(2), 408.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecul
es30020408.
Uwanta, E. J., Udo, I. E., Willie, I. N.,
and Akpakpan, A. E. (2024).
Phytochemical screening,
proximate and vitamin
composition of Jack fruit
(Artocarpus Heterophyllus)
pulp and seed. World Journal of
Advanced Research and
Reviews, 22(1), 1500–1506.
https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2
024.22.1.1027.
Valdez-Solana, M. A., Mejía-García,
V. Y., Téllez-Valencia, A.,
García-Arenas, G., Salas-
Pacheco, J., Alba-Romero, J. J.,
and Sierra-Campos, E. (2015).
Nutritional content and
elemental and phytochemical
analyses of Moringa oleifera
grown in Mexico. Journal of
Chemistry, 2015, Article
860381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/
860381
(2020). Preparation of
Medicinal Plants: Basic
Extraction and Fractionation
Procedures for Experimental
Purpose. Journal of Pharmacy
& Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1-
10.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JP
BS_175_19
Adewole, E., Ojo, A., Omoaghe, A. O.,
Enye, L. A., and Jamshed, I.
(2018). In Vitro Enzymatic
Assays of Azadirachta indica
Extract and Identification of
14
Nwako et al., 2025
Bioactive Compounds using
Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrophotometer. Der
Pharma Chemica, 10 (2), 105-
109.
Afotey, B., Yuorkuu, E., Akinie, S.,
Eshun, F., and Sufyan, M.
(2024). Determination of health
and nutritional benefits of
jackfruits (Artocarpus
heterophyllus). Journal of the
Ghana Institution of
Engineering, 24(1), 33-40.
https://doi.org/10.56049/jghie.v
24i1.149.
Ajinwo, J., Rosa, O., Worika, P., and
Nengi, P. (2024). Evaluation of
the Antimicrobial and
Antioxidant Activity of the
Pulp of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam
(Moraceae). Medical
Discoveries, 3(4), 1148.
Akinmoladun, F. O., Akinrinlola, B.
L., and Farombi, E. O. (2022).
Nutritional and phytochemical
evaluation of Moringa oleifera
leaf extract. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research,
16(3), 45–52.
https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2
022.7123
Al-Rubaye, A. F., Hameed, I. H., and
Kadhim, M. J. (2017). A
review: uses of gas
chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS)
technique for analysis of
bioactive natural compounds of
some plants. International
Journal of Toxicological and
Pharmacological
Research, 9(1), 81-85.
Antia, B. S., Akpan, E. J., Okon, P. A.,
and Umoren, I. U. (2006).
Nutritive and antinutritive
evaluation of sweet potatoes
(Moringa oleifera) leaves.
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,
5(2), 166–168.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of
Analysis. 18th edition,
Washington D.C. Association
of Official Analytical
Chemists. p. 106
Dike, C. S., Emejulu, A. A.,
Chukwudoruo, C. S., Akpaki,
M. A., Nsofor, W. N., and
Edom, C. V. (2023). GC-MS
and FTIR analyses of bioactive
compounds present in ethanol
leaf extract of Sida acuta from
Imo State, Nigeria. GSC
Biological and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 25(02), 394-404.
https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps
.2023.25.2.0500.
Dike, C. S., Emejulu, A. A.,
Chukwudoruo, C. S., Akpaki,
M. A., Nsofor, W. N., and
Edom, C. V. (2023). GC-MS
and FTIR analyses of bioactive
compounds present in ethanol
leaf extract of Sida acuta from
Imo State, Nigeria. GSC
Biological and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 25(2), 394–404.
https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps
.2023.25.2.0500
Elliott, B. (2023). 19 water-rich foods
that help you stay hydrated.
Healthline.
https://www.healthline.com/nut
rition/19-hydrating-foods
Georgia, C. A., Ismail, B. O.,
Oluwabukola, T. A., Titilayo,
O. A., Benjamin, T. T., Jamiu,
T. A. and Ibunkun, T. S. (2024).
Phytochemical and Antioxidant
Analysis of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Peel Extracts.
ASFI Research Journal, 1(1):
15
Nwako et al., 2025
e14762.
https://doi.org/10.7004/asfirj-
c2pw-xx13.
Gqaza, M. B., Njume, C., Goduka, I.
N., and Grace, G. (2013). The
proximate composition of S.
nigrum plant leaves consumed
in the Eastern Cape Province of
South Africa. In Proceedings of
the 2nd International
Conference on Nutrition and
Food Sciences (IPCBEE, Vol.
53, pp. 101–106).
https://doi.org/10.7763/IPCBE
E.2013.V53.20
Josekumar, V. S. (2018) Phytochemical
evaluation, GC-MS analysis
and antimicrobial activity of
the leaves petiole of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam. Asian
Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmacology.
https://doi.org/10.31024/AJPP.2
018.4.3.7
Jegadeeswari, P., Nishanthini, A.,
Muthukumarasamya, S. and
Mohan, V. (2012). GC-MS
analysis of bioactive
components of Aristolochia
krysagathra (Aristolochiaceae).
Journal of Current Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
2. 226 – 232.
Muhammad, A. W. M. B., Ramli, M.
S., Azmi, A. F. M. N.,
Dasiman, R., Zainon, F.,
Zainal, N. H., and Siva, R.
(2025). Phytochemical
screening of indian jujube
(Ziziphus mauritiana) and
jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.) leaves
extracted by ultrasound-
assisted extraction
(UAE). Journal of
Sustainability Science and
Management, 20(1), 139 – 152.
https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2
025.01.008.
Nishath, T. K., Mathavi, P.,
Ambikapathy, V., Prakash, P.,
and Panneerselvam, A. (2025).
GC-MS and FTIR analysis of
phytochemical profiling of
some medicinal plants. Indian
Journal of Natural Sciences,
16(89), 92992–93002.
Okiki, P. A., Osibote, I. A., Balogun,
O., Oyinloye, B. E., Idris, O.,
Adelegan, O., Asoso, S. O., and
Olagbemide, P. T. (2015).
Evaluation of proximate,
minerals, vitamins and
phytochemical composition of
Moringa oleifera Lam.
cultivated in Ado Ekiti,
Nigeria. Advances in Biological
Research, 9(6), 436–443.
https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ab
r.2015.9.6.96112
Okoye, T. C., Akah, P. A., Omeje, E.
O., Okoye, F. B. C., and
Nworu, C. S. (2023). GC-MS
analysis and biological
activities of Sida acuta leaf
extract. African Journal of
Traditional, Complementary
and Alternative Medicines,
20(1), 45–53.
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.
v20i1.6
Ramya, R., Priyadharshini, S., and
Ranjitha Kumari, B. D. (2021).
GC-MS profiling of bioactive
compounds from ethanol leaf
extract of Hellenia speciosa
and their antioxidant potential.
Biocatalysis and Agricultural
Biotechnology, 33, 101982.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2
021.101982
Samadd, M. A., Hossain, M. R., Taher,
M. A., Hasan, M. M., Haque,
16
Nwako et al., 2025
S., Rafid, M. I., Hossia, S.,
Islam, A., and Khan, M.
(2024). Multifaceted chemico-
pharmacological insights into
Cynometra ramiflora L.:
unveiling its GC-MS,
cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-
diarrheal, hypoglycemic, and
analgesic potentials. Natural
Product
Communications, 19(5),
1934578X241257377.
https://doi.org/10.1177/193457
8X241257377.
Sundarraj, A.A. and Ranganathan, T.V.
(2017). Phytochemical
screening and spectroscopy
analysis of jackfruit
(Artocarpus integer Thumb.)
peel. International Research
Journal of Pharmacy, 8(9), 151
– 159.
Teneva, O., Petkova, Z., Dobreva, A.,
Dzhurmanski, A., and Antova,
G. (2025). Evaluation of the
Proximate Composition
of Amsonia
tabernaemontana Walt. Seeds
and Glyceride
Oil. Molecules, 30(2), 408.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecul
es30020408.
Uwanta, E. J., Udo, I. E., Willie, I. N.,
and Akpakpan, A. E. (2024).
Phytochemical screening,
proximate and vitamin
composition of Jack fruit
(Artocarpus Heterophyllus)
pulp and seed. World Journal of
Advanced Research and
Reviews, 22(1), 1500–1506.
https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2
024.22.1.1027.
Valdez-Solana, M. A., Mejía-García,
V. Y., Téllez-Valencia, A.,
García-Arenas, G., Salas-
Pacheco, J., Alba-Romero, J. J.,
and Sierra-Campos, E. (2015).
Nutritional content and
elemental and phytochemical
analyses of Moringa oleifera
grown in Mexico. Journal of
Chemistry, 2015, Article
860381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/
860381