EFFECTS OF SOLANUM MACROCARPON ON LIVER SYNTHETIC ABILITY, LIPID PROFILE, SPLEEN AND HEART HISTOPATHOLOGY IN PHENYLHYDRAZINE- INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIC RATS
Main Article Content
Abstract
Global estimates showed that 43% of children and 33% of non-pregnant women are anemic, with the highest incidence in Africa and South Asia. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of Solanum macrocarpon aqueous leaf extract on liver synthetic ability, lipid profile as well as spleen and heart histopathology in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic male Wistar rats using five groups of six rats. Group 1 was the normal control, orally given normal saline once daily. Group II was the anemic group, while Group III was non-anaemic and orally given a daily dose of 300mg/kg of Solanum macrocarpon aqueous leaf extract for 14 days. Group IV was induced with anemia and thereafter, orally treated with 300mg/kg Solanum macrocarpon aqueous leaf extract for 14 days while Group V was induced with anemia and thereafter treated with 100mg/kg Ascorbic acid orally once daily for 14 days. Groups II, IV, and V were intraperitoneally induced haemolytic anemia once daily with 50mg/kg Phenylhydrazine for three days consecutively. All rats were sacrificed on day 15. The study revealed a significant higher (p<0.05) serum total protein (6.72±1.15), albumin (3.42±0.56) and high density lipoprotein (42.20±2.02) as well as significantly lower total bilirubin (1.02±0.14); low density lipoprotein (39.10±3.07), triglycerides (90.25±3.22) and total cholesterol (76.90±3.01) in Solanum macrocarpon leaf treated rats compared to the phenylhydrazine anemic-untreated rats. Furthermore, Solanum macrocarpon leaf restored pathological changes in heart and spleen tissues near to normal. Solanum macrocarpon leaf demonstrated an anti-anemic effect and improved the impaired liver synthetic ability and altered lipid profile capability associated with Phenylhydrazine-induced anemia.
Article Details
How to Cite
Usunomena, U., Amenze, I. O., Adegbegi, A., & Ehigiamusoe, A. O. (2026). EFFECTS OF SOLANUM MACROCARPON ON LIVER SYNTHETIC ABILITY, LIPID PROFILE, SPLEEN AND HEART HISTOPATHOLOGY IN PHENYLHYDRAZINE- INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIC RATS. The Bioscientist Journal, 13(2), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v13i2.196
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Haematinic Properties of Methanolic Stem
Bark and Fruit Extracts of Ficus Sur in Rats
Pre-Exposed to Phenylhydrazine-Induced
Haemolytic Anemia. African Journal
Biomedical Research 20: 85–92.
Ayoade, A.A., Ogunware, A.E., Odekunle,
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Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and
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Aziza, A.M., El-Shafey, M.M., El-Ezabi,
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phenylhydrazine-induced toxicity in male
albino rats. Egypt. Journal Experimental
Biology (Zool.), 19(1):51–59.DOI:
10.5455/egysebz.20230108094930
Berberich, A.J. and Hegele, R.A. (2022). A
Modern approach to dyslipidemia. Endocr
Rev. 43(4):611-
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Honey Attenuates Phenylhydrazine-Induced
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Bekheet, M.S. (2016). Protective Role of an
Aqueous Extract of Punica Granatum
(Pomegranate) Peel on Lead-Induced
Anemia in Rats Alex. J. Vet. Sci.. 50(1):99-
108.
Iqbal, D., Khan, M.S., Ahmad, S., Hussain,
M.S. and Ali, M. (2015). Bioactivity guided
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a novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from
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Electrolyte Imbalance and Dyslipidemia in
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Symptomatology of anemia. Semin. Oncol.,
28(2):7-14.
Mekahli, D., Bultynck, G., Parys, J.B.,
Smedt, H.D., and Missiaen L. (2011).
Endoplasmic-reticulum calcium depletion
and disease. Cold Spring Harbor
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https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a004317
.
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Noura A.H. and Rehab H. (2024).
Ameliorative Effect of Pomegranate
Molasses on Phenylhydrazine-Induced
Anemia in Rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res., 8(7):
7909–7914.DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i7.38
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Tarawan, V.M., Goenawan, H., and
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oleifera Leaf Powder on Hematological
Profile of Male Wistar Rats. J Blood Med.,
14: 477-485. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S407884.
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(2017). Determination of haematocrit using
Mindray BC-2800Vet® automated
haematology analyser and microhaematocrit
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Sci. 15(2):62. https://doi.org/10.4314/
sokjvs.v15i2.9.
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Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective
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liver damage in rats. Food and Chemical
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2200–2205.DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.047
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1410693100
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Antianemic activity of polyherbal
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phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rats.
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative
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Phenylhydrazine induced toxicity: A review
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Med. Sci., 2 : 86–91.
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Disease by Scalable Photoacoustic
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https:// doi. org/
10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100569.
13
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in Wistar rats. Tropical Journal of Natural
Product Research 9(6):2684-2691.
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doxorubicin-induced liver and spleen
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Applied and Basic Medical Sciences 10(3):
256-265
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Haematinic Properties of Methanolic Stem
Bark and Fruit Extracts of Ficus Sur in Rats
Pre-Exposed to Phenylhydrazine-Induced
Haemolytic Anemia. African Journal
Biomedical Research 20: 85–92.
Ayoade, A.A., Ogunware, A.E., Odekunle,
I.I., Adedigba, P.A. (2020). Effects of
aqueous Colocasia esculenta extracts on
selected biochemical parameters in phenyl
hydrazine induced male anemic albino rats.
Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and
Molecular Biology, 3(4): 13-
23.DOI: 10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v3i430091
Aziza, A.M., El-Shafey, M.M., El-Ezabi,
H.H.M., Ouda, M.M. and Hegazy, D.S.I.
(2023). Effect of wheat germ oil on
phenylhydrazine-induced toxicity in male
albino rats. Egypt. Journal Experimental
Biology (Zool.), 19(1):51–59.DOI:
10.5455/egysebz.20230108094930
Berberich, A.J. and Hegele, R.A. (2022). A
Modern approach to dyslipidemia. Endocr
Rev. 43(4):611-
65. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab037
Bietrix , F., Daoguang Y. , Michel
N. , Corinne R. , Bertrand-Michel
J., Christine C. , Schaak S., Ronald B ., Groen
K.A., Bertrand P , François T , and Xavier C.
(2006). Accelerated lipid absorption in mice
overexpressing intestinal SR-BI. Journal of
Biological Chemistry,281(11), :7214–7219.
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M508868200.
Burtis, C.A., Ashwood E.R. and Bruns D.E.
(2008). Tietz Fundamentals of Biochemistry.
6th edition. New York. Elsevier.
Chinko, B.C., Pughikumo, D.T., Obia, O.,
Udeh, W.C. and V.O. Hart, V.O. (2023).
Honey Attenuates Phenylhydrazine-Induced
Hematotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in
Male Wistar Rats. International Blood
Research & Reviews, 14(3): 10-
18.DOI: 10.9734/ibrr/2023/v14i3308 .
Dalziel, J.M. (1937). The useful plants of
West Tropical Africa (New York: Longman)
1st edn. pp. 433–435.
Edijala, J.K., Asagba, S.O., Eriyamremu,
G.E., andAtomatofa, U. (2005).
Comparative Effect of Garden Egg Fruit,
Oat and Apple on Serum Lipid Profile in
Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. Pakistan
Journal of Nutrition, 4(4):245-249.
DOI:10.3923/pjn.2005.245.249.
Ekiz, C., Agaoglu, L., Karakas, Z., Gurel,
N., and Yalcin, I. (2005). The effect of iron
deficiency anemia on the function of the
immune system. Hematol J., 5(7):579-83.
DOI: 10.1038/sj.thj.6200574
Ezeigwe, O.C., Nwobodo, V.O.G.,
Enemchukwu, B.N., Ani, O.N.,
Chukwuemeka, U.V., Ezennaya, C.F.,
Okibedi, F.U. and I. I. Aroh, I.I. (2019).
Lipid profile and its complications in
phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies,7(
6):161-166.
Fatema, K., Zwar, N.A., Milton, A.H., Ali
L. and Rahman, B. (2016). Prevalence of
risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in
Bangladesh: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. Plos One, 11: e0160180.doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0160180.
Fernández-Friera, L., Fuster, V., López-
Melgar, B., Oliva, B., García-Ruiz, J.M.,
Mendiguren, J., Héctor, B.H., Pocock, S.,
Ibáñez, B., Fernández-Ortiz, A. and Sanz, J.
(2017). Normal LDL-cholesterol levels are
associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in
the absence of risk factors. J Am Coll
Cardiol., 70(24):2979-2991.
Fibach, E. and Rachmilewitz, E. (2008) The
Role of Oxidative Stress in Hemolytic
Anemia. Curr. Mol. Med., 8:609–619.
Fujii, J., Homma, T., Kobayashi, S.,
Warang, P., Madkaikar, M. and Mukherjee,
M.B. (2021). Erythrocytes as a Preferential
Target of Oxidative Stress in Blood. Free.
Radic. Res., 55:781–799.
Hasan, S.M.H., Abou-Rawash, A.E.A. and
Bekheet, M.S. (2016). Protective Role of an
Aqueous Extract of Punica Granatum
(Pomegranate) Peel on Lead-Induced
Anemia in Rats Alex. J. Vet. Sci.. 50(1):99-
108.
Iqbal, D., Khan, M.S., Ahmad, S., Hussain,
M.S. and Ali, M. (2015). Bioactivity guided
fractionation and hypolipidemic property of
a novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from
Ficus virens Lipids Health Dis, 14:1–15.
Kolawole, O.T., Adeyeba, O.A., Awodele,
O., Ayankunle, A.A., Wakeel, O.K. and
Ayelagbe, O.G. (2023). Chronic
Administration of Hydroalcoholic Extract of
Newbouldia laevis Leaves Induces
Electrolyte Imbalance and Dyslipidemia in
Wistar Rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res.
7(1):2258-2263.
Kjeldsen, E.W., Thomassen, J.Q. and
Frikke-Schmidt, R. (2022). HDL cholesterol
concentrations and risk of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease – Insights from
randomized clinical trials and human
genetics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell
Biol Lipids. 1867: 159063.
Lang, E., Gatidis, S., Freise, N.F., Bock, H.,
Kubitz, R., Lauermann, C., Orth, H.M.,
Klindt, C., Schuier, M., Keitel, V., Reich,
M., Liu, G., Schmidt, S., Xu, H.C., Qadri,
S.M., Herebian, D., Pandyra, A.A.,
Mayatepek, E., Gulbins, E., Lang, F.,
Häussinger, D., Lang, K.S., Föller, M. and
Lang, P.A. (2015). Conjugated bilirubin
triggers anaemia by inducing erythrocyte
death. Hepatology, 61(1): 275-284.
Ludwig, H. and Strasser, K. (2001).
Symptomatology of anemia. Semin. Oncol.,
28(2):7-14.
Mekahli, D., Bultynck, G., Parys, J.B.,
Smedt, H.D., and Missiaen L. (2011).
Endoplasmic-reticulum calcium depletion
and disease. Cold Spring Harbor
Perspectives in Biology. 3(6):1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a004317
.
Nabil, A.S., Sherif, W.M., Mohamed, A.A.,
Noura A.H. and Rehab H. (2024).
Ameliorative Effect of Pomegranate
Molasses on Phenylhydrazine-Induced
Anemia in Rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res., 8(7):
7909–7914.DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i7.38
Nurhayati, T., Fathoni, M.I., Fatimah, S.N.,
Tarawan, V.M., Goenawan, H., and
Dwiwina, R.G. (2023). Effect of Moringa
oleifera Leaf Powder on Hematological
Profile of Male Wistar Rats. J Blood Med.,
14: 477-485. doi: 10.2147/JBM.S407884.
Ode, S.A., Adamu, M. and Saror, D.I.
(2017). Determination of haematocrit using
Mindray BC-2800Vet® automated
haematology analyser and microhaematocrit
method: a comparative study. Sokoto J Vet
Sci. 15(2):62. https://doi.org/10.4314/
sokjvs.v15i2.9.
Ogbe, R.J., Adoga, G.I. and Abu A.H.
(2010). Anti-anemia potentials of some plant
extracts on phenylhydrazine induced anemia
in rabbits. J. Med. Plants Res.,4(8):680-
684.DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.487
Olaleye M.T, Akinmoladun A.C., Ogunboye
A.A. and Akindahunsi A.A. (2010):
Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective
property of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia
diffusa Linn against acetaminophen-induced
liver damage in rats. Food and Chemical
Toxicology 48:
2200–2205.DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.047
Onwe, P., Folawiyo, M., Anyigor-Ogah, C.,
Umahi, G., Okorocha, A. and Afoke, A.
(2015). Hyperlipidemia: etiology and
possible control. IOSR J Dent Med Sci,
14(10):93–100.DOI: 10.9790/0853-
1410693100
Sheth, A.P. Anil, T.P., Chandrashekhar,
S.M., and Chandrakant. M. (2021).
Antianemic activity of polyherbal
formulation, RaktavardhakKadha, against
phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rats.
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative
Medicine, 12:
340e345.DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.02.009
Shukla, P., Yadav, N.K., Singh, P., Bansode,
F.W. and Singh. R.K.(2012).
Phenylhydrazine induced toxicity: A review
on its haematotoxicity. Int. J. Basic Appl.
Med. Sci., 2 : 86–91.
Sodipo, O.A., Abdulrahman, F.I., Alemika,
T.E. and Gulani, I.A. (2012). Chemical
composition and biological properties of the
petroleum ether extract of Solanum
macrocarpum L. British Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research, 2(2): 108-128.
Sun, T., Lv, J., Zhao, X., Li, W., Zhang, Z.
and Nie, L. (2023). “In Vivo Liver Function
Reserve Assessments in Alcoholic Liver
Disease by Scalable Photoacoustic
Imaging.” Photoacoustics34: 100569.
https:// doi. org/
10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100569.
13
Usunobun, U., Akpovona, A.and
Ranjithkumar, R. (2025). Solanum
macrocarpon leaf ameliorates
Phenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic
anemia, hepatotoxicity and Oxidative stress
in Wistar rats. Tropical Journal of Natural
Product Research 9(6):2684-2691.
DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v9i6.44
Usunobun, U.,Agunu O.G. and Okechukwu
B.(2024). Jatropha Tanjorensis attenuates
doxorubicin-induced liver and spleen
damages in rats. Journal of Research in
Applied and Basic Medical Sciences 10(3):
256-265
Usunobun, U., Okpiabhele, A. and
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