Animal- Based Wastes as Sustainable Soil Conditioners Improve Morphometric Traits and Nutritional Compositions of Amaranthus Hybridus L.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of organic fertilizer plays significant roles on the reclamation of nutrient depleted soil, sustainable production of crops and realization of food security. This study evaluated some animal-based organic wastes and their effects on morphometric traits and nutritional compositions of Amaranthus hybridus, using standard procedures. Physical property of soil of the study site revealed that the soil is majorly sandy soil (82.8%). The nutritional compositions of poultry droppings (PDs) were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with normal soil and cow dung. Tallest plant height (59.00 cm) was recorded in the vegetable treated with 10 g PDs, leaf length (15.67 cm) and leaf width (8.00 cm) in the vegetable grown under 10 g CD, and number of leaves (35.66) and number of branches (16.60) in the vegetable grown under 5 g PDs (p < 0.05). Dry matter (25.65 mg/100g) and fat (1.32 mg/100g) were substantially higher in the vegetable grown under 10g CD (p < 0.05). However, 10 g PDs + NPK produced higher ash (2.23 mg/100g), crude fibre (5.72 mg/100g), crude protein (4.80 mg/100g) and carbohydrate (11.96 mg/100g) in the vegetable (p < 0.05). Furthermore, sodium (6.52 mg/100g), calcium (13.09 mg/100g) magnesium (15.63 mg/100g) and phosphorus (28.57 mg/100g) were also higher in the vegetable treated with 5 g of CD + NPK (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although the three nutrient sources influenced the growth of Amaranthus, however, 10 g CD and 5 g PDs significantly improved the growth and nutritional compositions of the vegetable, therefore the use of the animal-based fertilizers should be encouraged.
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Ojewumi, A. W., Adelugba, D. O., Ajayi, J. O., Sejero, M. G., Nwankudu, C. J., Raji, F. K., & Ani, A. O. (2026). Animal- Based Wastes as Sustainable Soil Conditioners Improve Morphometric Traits and Nutritional Compositions of Amaranthus Hybridus L. The Bioscientist Journal, 14(2), 257-270. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v14i2.231
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Agbede, T. M. (2025). Poultry manure improves soil properties and grain mineral composition, maize productivity and economic profitability. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 16501.
Al-Shammary, A. A. G., Al-Shihmani, L. S. S., Fernández-Gálvez, J., and Caballero-Calvo, A. (2025). A comprehensive review of impacts of soil management practices and climate adaptation strategies on soil thermal conductivity in agricultural soils. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 1-31. Chicago
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Arreguez, . A., Martínez, J. G. and Ponessa, G. (2013). Amaranthus hybridus L. ssp. hybridus in an archaeological site from the initial mid-Holocene in the Southern Argentinian Puna. Quaternary international, 307, 81-85.
Ayamba, B. E., Abaidoo, R. C., Opoku, A., and Ewusi-Mensah, N. (2021). Enhancing the fertilizer value of cattle manure using organic resources for soil fertility improvement: a review. Journal of Bioresource Management, 8(3), 9.
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Dhiman, S., Kumar, S., Baliyan, N., Dheeman, S., and Maheshwari, D. K. (2021). Cattle dung manure microbiota as a substitute for mineral nutrients and growth management practices in plants. In Endophytes: Mineral Nutrient Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Volume 3 (pp. 77-103). .
Duya, O. C. (2017). Variation in levels of vitamins A and C with maturity of Amaranthus hybridus (L) leaves grown in different soil-types in kwale county, kenya.
Emmanuel, O. C., and Babalola, O. O. (2022). Amaranth production and consumption in South Africa: The challenges of sustainability for food and nutrition security. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(4), 449-460.
Fontaine, S., Abbadie, L., Aubert, M., Barot, S., Bloor, J. M., Derrien, D., ... and Alvarez, G. (2024). Plant–soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems. Global Change Biology, 30(1), e17034.
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Ishaque, W., Tanvir, R., and Mukhtar, M. (2022). Climate change and water crises in Pakistan: implications on water quality and health risks. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(1), 5484561.
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Kanagaraj, A., Kaliappan, S. B., Shanmugam, T., Alagirisamy, B., and Ramalingam, K. (2025). Quantification techniques of soil organic carbon: an appraisal. Analytical Sciences, 1-18.
Mahmoud, E., Abd el-kader, N., Robin, P., Akkal-corfini, N., and Abd el-rahman, L. (2009). Effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on cucumber yield and some soil properties. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(4), 408-414.
Mbah, E. U., Ogidi, E. G. O. and Umesie, M. C. (2019). Soil amendment by hilum orientation effects on leaf yield of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.). Ife Journal of Agriculture, 31(2), 34-47.
Moji, Y. T., Abayomi, O. A. and Kayode, S. S. (2018). Effect of Moringa leaves, poultry manure and NPK fertilizers on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) in Ilorin, southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 18.
Murph, J. and Riley J. P. (1962) A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36.
Naveed, M., Zulekha, R., Khan, K. S., Younas, N., Qadeer, M. F., Brtnicky, M., ... and Mustafa, A. (2023). Unveiling the potential of acidified cow dung in combination with plant growth promoting endophytes on growth, physiology, and yield improvement of maize in salt-affected soil. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(10), 551.
Ngoroyemoto, N., Kulkarni, M. G., Stirk, W. A., Gupta, S., Finnie, J. F., and van Staden, J. (2020). Interactions between microorganisms and a seaweed-derived biostimulant on the growth and biochemical composition of Amaranthus hybridus L. Natural Product Communications, 15(7), 1934578X20934228.
Ogedegbe A. B. O. and Ezeh A. E. (2015). Effect of variety and nutrient on insect pest infestation of Amaranthus spp. Journal of Applied Science Environmental Management, 19 (2) 251-256.
Ojewumi AW, Ayoola SA, Abdullahi MH, Zubedat BA, Makinde SO. Bio-fortification of Agronomic Attributes and Biochemical Molecules in Black Night Shade as Influenced by Two Forms of Guinea Grass Biochar, ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2024; 36, (6): 77-86.
Ojewumi, A.W., Ayoola, S. A., Abdullahi, M. H., Badru, Z. A. and Makinde, S. C. O. (2024). Bio-fortification of Agronomic Attributes and Biochemical Molecules in Black Night Shade as Influenced by Two Forms of Guinea Grass Biochar, ZANCO. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 36(6);77-86.
Olowokere, F. A. and Akinbinu, B. (2021). Evaluation of poultry manure, cattle dung, water and cattle urine-based composts on soil chemical properties, growth and yield of Amaranthus cruentus L. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 56(1), 65-78.
Olubode, O. O., Ogunsakin, T. A. and Salau, A. W. (2015). Influence of intercrop population and applied poultry manure rates on component crops productivity responses in a snake tomato/celosia cropping system. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(07), 1040.
Ononogbo, C., Ohwofadjeke, P. O., Chukwu, M. M., Nwawuike, N., Obinduka, F., Nwosu, O. U., ... and Eze, C. C. (2024). Agricultural and environmental sustainability in nigeria: a review of challenges and possible eco-friendly remedies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-47.
Petrikova, I., Bhattacharjee, R., and Fraser, P. D. (2023). The ‘Nigerian diet’and its evolution: review of the existing literature and household survey data. Foods, 12(3), 443.
Rashmi, I., Roy, T., Kartika, K. S., Pal, R., Coumar, V., Kala, S., and Shinoji, K. C. (2020). Organic and inorganic fertilizer contaminants in agriculture: Impact on soil and water resources. In Contaminants in Agriculture: Sources, Impacts and Management (pp. 3-41).
Rathod, S. V., Saras, P., and Gondaliya, S. M. (2024). Environmental pollution: Threats and challenges for management. In Eco-restoration of polluted environment (pp. 1-34). CRC Press.
Riaz, S., Mehmood, R., Kareem, H. A., & Sadia, H. (2023). Livestock Waste, Types, Sources, Pollution Potential, and Country-Wise Comparisons. In Waste Problems and Management in Developing Countries (pp. 205-231). Apple Academic Press.
Sarangi, S. S., Sarma, I., Gogoi, S., and Barooah, A. (2023). Effect of organic nutrients and bio fertilizers on soil parameters and nutritional content of amaranth. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11), 4326-4330.
Schapel, A., Bell, R., Yeap, S., and Hall, D. (2023). Sandy soil constraints: Organic and clay amendments to improve the productivity of sandy soils. In Soil Constraints and Productivity (pp. 343-364). CRC Press.
Singh, T. B., Ali, A., Prasad, M., Yadav, A., Shrivastav, P., Goyal, D. and Dantu, P. K. (2020). Role of organic fertilizers in improving soil fertility. Contaminants in agriculture: sources, impacts and management, 61-77.
Sohail, M., Pirzada, T., Opperman, C. H., and Khan, S. A. (2022). Recent advances in seed coating technologies: transitioning toward sustainable agriculture. Green Chemistry, 24(16), 6052-6085.
Sun, X., Gao, W., Li, H., Zhang, J., Cai, A., Xu, M., and Hao, X. (2024). Animal manures increased maize yield by promoting microbial activities and inorganic phosphorus transformation in reclaimed soil aggregates. Applied Soil Ecology, 198, 105-352.
Utting, P. (2022). Domestic supply and food shortages. In The Political Economy of Revolutionary Nicaragua (pp. 127-148). Routledge.
Wang, X. (2022). Managing land carrying capacity: Key to achieving sustainable production systems for food security. Land, 11(4), 484.
Wieczorek, D., Żyszka-Haberecht, B., Kafka, A., and Lipok, J. (2022). Determination of phosphorus compounds in plant tissues: From colourimetry to advanced instrumental analytical chemistry. Plant Methods, 18(1), 22.
Aderibigbe, O. R., Ezekiel, O. O., Owolade, S. O., Korese, J. K., Sturm, B., and Hensel, O. (2022). Exploring the potentials of underutilized grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) along the value chain for food and nutrition security: A review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 62(3), 656-669.
Agbede, T. M. (2025). Poultry manure improves soil properties and grain mineral composition, maize productivity and economic profitability. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 16501.
Al-Shammary, A. A. G., Al-Shihmani, L. S. S., Fernández-Gálvez, J., and Caballero-Calvo, A. (2025). A comprehensive review of impacts of soil management practices and climate adaptation strategies on soil thermal conductivity in agricultural soils. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 1-31. Chicago
Andishmand, A. B. and Noori, M. S. (2021). Growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) as influenced by application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 5, 55-59.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Methods 925.10, 65.17, 974.24, 992.16.
Arreguez, . A., Martínez, J. G. and Ponessa, G. (2013). Amaranthus hybridus L. ssp. hybridus in an archaeological site from the initial mid-Holocene in the Southern Argentinian Puna. Quaternary international, 307, 81-85.
Ayamba, B. E., Abaidoo, R. C., Opoku, A., and Ewusi-Mensah, N. (2021). Enhancing the fertilizer value of cattle manure using organic resources for soil fertility improvement: a review. Journal of Bioresource Management, 8(3), 9.
Bhunia, S., Bhowmik, A., Mallick, R., and Mukherjee, J. (2021). Agronomic efficiency of animal-derived organic fertilizers and their effects on biology and fertility of soil: A review. Agronomy, 11(5), 823.
Dhiman, S., Kumar, S., Baliyan, N., Dheeman, S., and Maheshwari, D. K. (2021). Cattle dung manure microbiota as a substitute for mineral nutrients and growth management practices in plants. In Endophytes: Mineral Nutrient Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Volume 3 (pp. 77-103). .
Duya, O. C. (2017). Variation in levels of vitamins A and C with maturity of Amaranthus hybridus (L) leaves grown in different soil-types in kwale county, kenya.
Emmanuel, O. C., and Babalola, O. O. (2022). Amaranth production and consumption in South Africa: The challenges of sustainability for food and nutrition security. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 20(4), 449-460.
Fontaine, S., Abbadie, L., Aubert, M., Barot, S., Bloor, J. M., Derrien, D., ... and Alvarez, G. (2024). Plant–soil synchrony in nutrient cycles: Learning from ecosystems to design sustainable agrosystems. Global Change Biology, 30(1), e17034.
Gani, A. T., Richard, A. Z., and Bako, T. (2024). Comparative effects of poultry droppings and cow dung rates on the growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Wukari, Southern Guinea. Discovery Agriculture, 10, e10da1561.
Idowu, D. O., Adebayo, T. B., Onofua, O. E., and Adebayo, J. M. (2023). Impact of rate of poultry manure on nutritional qualities of African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.) grown on degraded soil. International Journal of Science and healthcare Research, 8(2), 30-38.
Ishaque, W., Tanvir, R., and Mukhtar, M. (2022). Climate change and water crises in Pakistan: implications on water quality and health risks. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(1), 5484561.
Itelima, J. U., Bang, W. J., Onyimba, I. A., Sila, M. D. and Egbere, O. J. (2018). Bio-fertilizers as key player in enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity: A review.
Kamal, M. Z. U., Sarker, U., Roy, S. K., Alam, M. S., Azam, M. G., Miah, M. Y., ... and Alamri, S. (2024). Manure-biochar compost mitigates the soil salinity stress in tomato plants by modulating the osmoregulatory mechanism, photosynthetic pigments, and ionic homeostasis. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 21929.
Kanagaraj, A., Kaliappan, S. B., Shanmugam, T., Alagirisamy, B., and Ramalingam, K. (2025). Quantification techniques of soil organic carbon: an appraisal. Analytical Sciences, 1-18.
Mahmoud, E., Abd el-kader, N., Robin, P., Akkal-corfini, N., and Abd el-rahman, L. (2009). Effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on cucumber yield and some soil properties. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(4), 408-414.
Mbah, E. U., Ogidi, E. G. O. and Umesie, M. C. (2019). Soil amendment by hilum orientation effects on leaf yield of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.). Ife Journal of Agriculture, 31(2), 34-47.
Moji, Y. T., Abayomi, O. A. and Kayode, S. S. (2018). Effect of Moringa leaves, poultry manure and NPK fertilizers on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) in Ilorin, southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, 18.
Murph, J. and Riley J. P. (1962) A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36.
Naveed, M., Zulekha, R., Khan, K. S., Younas, N., Qadeer, M. F., Brtnicky, M., ... and Mustafa, A. (2023). Unveiling the potential of acidified cow dung in combination with plant growth promoting endophytes on growth, physiology, and yield improvement of maize in salt-affected soil. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(10), 551.
Ngoroyemoto, N., Kulkarni, M. G., Stirk, W. A., Gupta, S., Finnie, J. F., and van Staden, J. (2020). Interactions between microorganisms and a seaweed-derived biostimulant on the growth and biochemical composition of Amaranthus hybridus L. Natural Product Communications, 15(7), 1934578X20934228.
Ogedegbe A. B. O. and Ezeh A. E. (2015). Effect of variety and nutrient on insect pest infestation of Amaranthus spp. Journal of Applied Science Environmental Management, 19 (2) 251-256.
Ojewumi AW, Ayoola SA, Abdullahi MH, Zubedat BA, Makinde SO. Bio-fortification of Agronomic Attributes and Biochemical Molecules in Black Night Shade as Influenced by Two Forms of Guinea Grass Biochar, ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2024; 36, (6): 77-86.
Ojewumi, A.W., Ayoola, S. A., Abdullahi, M. H., Badru, Z. A. and Makinde, S. C. O. (2024). Bio-fortification of Agronomic Attributes and Biochemical Molecules in Black Night Shade as Influenced by Two Forms of Guinea Grass Biochar, ZANCO. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 36(6);77-86.
Olowokere, F. A. and Akinbinu, B. (2021). Evaluation of poultry manure, cattle dung, water and cattle urine-based composts on soil chemical properties, growth and yield of Amaranthus cruentus L. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 56(1), 65-78.
Olubode, O. O., Ogunsakin, T. A. and Salau, A. W. (2015). Influence of intercrop population and applied poultry manure rates on component crops productivity responses in a snake tomato/celosia cropping system. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(07), 1040.
Ononogbo, C., Ohwofadjeke, P. O., Chukwu, M. M., Nwawuike, N., Obinduka, F., Nwosu, O. U., ... and Eze, C. C. (2024). Agricultural and environmental sustainability in nigeria: a review of challenges and possible eco-friendly remedies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-47.
Petrikova, I., Bhattacharjee, R., and Fraser, P. D. (2023). The ‘Nigerian diet’and its evolution: review of the existing literature and household survey data. Foods, 12(3), 443.
Rashmi, I., Roy, T., Kartika, K. S., Pal, R., Coumar, V., Kala, S., and Shinoji, K. C. (2020). Organic and inorganic fertilizer contaminants in agriculture: Impact on soil and water resources. In Contaminants in Agriculture: Sources, Impacts and Management (pp. 3-41).
Rathod, S. V., Saras, P., and Gondaliya, S. M. (2024). Environmental pollution: Threats and challenges for management. In Eco-restoration of polluted environment (pp. 1-34). CRC Press.
Riaz, S., Mehmood, R., Kareem, H. A., & Sadia, H. (2023). Livestock Waste, Types, Sources, Pollution Potential, and Country-Wise Comparisons. In Waste Problems and Management in Developing Countries (pp. 205-231). Apple Academic Press.
Sarangi, S. S., Sarma, I., Gogoi, S., and Barooah, A. (2023). Effect of organic nutrients and bio fertilizers on soil parameters and nutritional content of amaranth. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11), 4326-4330.
Schapel, A., Bell, R., Yeap, S., and Hall, D. (2023). Sandy soil constraints: Organic and clay amendments to improve the productivity of sandy soils. In Soil Constraints and Productivity (pp. 343-364). CRC Press.
Singh, T. B., Ali, A., Prasad, M., Yadav, A., Shrivastav, P., Goyal, D. and Dantu, P. K. (2020). Role of organic fertilizers in improving soil fertility. Contaminants in agriculture: sources, impacts and management, 61-77.
Sohail, M., Pirzada, T., Opperman, C. H., and Khan, S. A. (2022). Recent advances in seed coating technologies: transitioning toward sustainable agriculture. Green Chemistry, 24(16), 6052-6085.
Sun, X., Gao, W., Li, H., Zhang, J., Cai, A., Xu, M., and Hao, X. (2024). Animal manures increased maize yield by promoting microbial activities and inorganic phosphorus transformation in reclaimed soil aggregates. Applied Soil Ecology, 198, 105-352.
Utting, P. (2022). Domestic supply and food shortages. In The Political Economy of Revolutionary Nicaragua (pp. 127-148). Routledge.
Wang, X. (2022). Managing land carrying capacity: Key to achieving sustainable production systems for food security. Land, 11(4), 484.
Wieczorek, D., Żyszka-Haberecht, B., Kafka, A., and Lipok, J. (2022). Determination of phosphorus compounds in plant tissues: From colourimetry to advanced instrumental analytical chemistry. Plant Methods, 18(1), 22.