Antibacterial Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schum & Thonn.) on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Associated with food poisoning
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Lonchocarpus cyanescens has been exploited in different parts of the world because of its pharmacological value. This value is due to the phytochemical constituents found in different parts of the plants. In this paper, we examined the compounds that are biologically active and the phytochemicals inherent in the leaves of L. cyanescens, both qualitatively and quantitatively, while also evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant extracts against selected pathogenic bacteria. Methods: The source of isolates for this study was stool specimens collected from diarrhoeic stool patients attending the University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UNIMEDTH) in Akure. Extracts of L. cyanescens were produced using water, ethanol, and n-hexane, after which they were analyzed for their bioactive constituents and antibacterial effects using Varian GC–MS system. Results: Several classes of phytochemicals were identified across the different extracts of the plant. At a concentration of 300 mg/ml, the ethanol and n-hexane extracts exhibited the strongest activity against Citrobacter freundii, producing inhibition zones of 28.33 ± 0.33 mm and 23.00 ± 1.00 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicated that extracts from Lonchocarpus cyanescens exhibits notable antimicrobial activity against C. freundii.
Article Details
How to Cite
Adesina, W., Onifade, A. K., & Ikhiboya, F. I. (2026). Antibacterial Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schum & Thonn.) on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Associated with food poisoning. The Bioscientist Journal, 14(2), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v14i2.237
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmed, W., Adnan, N. S., Asad, A., Muhammad, N., Abdul, Q., Muhammad, U. H., Muther, M. Q., and Jallat, K. (2023). "Role of Plant Bio-stimulants and Their Classification." In Biofertilizers for Sustainable Soil Management, pp. 65-88. CRC Press.
Ajayi, G. O., Olorunrinu, T. J. and Shittu, M. A. (2020). Elucidation of bioactive compounds in hydroalcohol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn.) leaf using GC-MS analysis. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 9(2), 40-47.
Amara, K. V., Kumar, G. M. P., and Garampalli, R. H. (2025). Inventory of traditional medicinal plants and ethnobotanical knowledge from Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 17(6), 27035-27063.
Amenu, D., Nugusa, A. and Tafesse, T. (2025). Preservative effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria on fruits and vegetables. International Journal of Cell Biology, 2025(1), 5833236.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, (2011). Laboratory Manual on Basic Methods in Analytical Chemistry Education Consult. 22nd edition, In: Official Methods of Analysis 2011; 25-27.
Bari, M. L. and Yeasmin, S. (2018). Foodborne diseases and responsible agents. In Food safety and preservation (pp. 195-229). Academic Press.
Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M. M., Sherris, J. C., and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1966; 45(4_ts), 493–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
Bialonska, D., Ramnani, P., Kasimsetty, S. G., Muntha, K. R., Gibson, G. R. and Ferreira, D. (2020). The influence of pomegranate by-product and punicalagins on selected groups of human intestinal microbiota. International Journal for Food Microbiology. 140: 175–182.
Bosso S. T. and Innalegwu, D. A. (2018). Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Garcinia kola against selected bacteria isolate. American Journal of Food Nutrition Health 3 (1): 26-30.
Campoli-Richards, Y. O., Yaoitcha, A. S., Houehanou, T. D., Fandohan, A. B. and Houinato, M. R. B. (2018). Prioritization of useful medicinal tree species for conservation in Wari-Maro forest reserve in Benin: A multivariate analysis approach. For Pol Econ 2018; 61: 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.07.001 \
Celso, V. N., Erika, B. A, Abrahão, F. N. and Garcia, C. B. (2016) Essential Crude Extracts "Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(2): 332-339.
Cheesebrough, M. (2010). Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhan, L., Chen, H., Zhang, Z., Huang, C. and Yue M. (2022). Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat rice products in Eastern China. Frontier of Microbioogyl. 13: 964823.
Chika, C. O., Jude, N. O., Ifeanyi, C. O. and Anyanwu, N. B. (2020). Antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta. Journal of American Science, 3 (3), 11–16.
Damtie, D. and Mekonnen, Y. (2015). In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the methanol, aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium from Ethiopia. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(4), 91-97.
Dietrich, J., Hammerl, J. A., Johne, A., Kappenstein, O., Loeffler, C., Nöckler, K., Rosner, B., Spielmeyer, A., Szabo, I. and Richter, M. H. (2023). Impact of climate change on foodborne infections and intoxications. Journal of Health Monitoring, 8(3):78.
Ezugwu, R. I. (2025). Molecular Characterization of biofilm forming Enterococcus spp. isolated from patients with catheter associated urinary tract infections. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 25(9), 50-59.
Holmes, C. L., Anderson, M. T., Mobley, H. L. and Bachman, M. A. (2021). Pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacteremia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34 (2): e00234-e00220
Isunu, L. E., Omoya, F. O., Ogundare, A. O., Babatunde, O. J., Bayode, M. T. and Ajayi, K. O. (2022). Antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) methanol leaf extract on bacteria consortia isolated from blood of diabetic patients. Bacterial Empire 2022; 5(1), e381. https://doi.org/10.36547/be.381
Nigussie, D., Davey, G., Legesse, B. A., Fekadu, A. and Makonnen, E. (2021). Antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the leaves of three medicinal plants against selected bacteria isolated from wounds of lymphoedema patients. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 2.
Nwokonkwo, D. C., Okpani, A. N. and Elom, N. (2017). Extraction, Phytochemical, Antibacterial Screening and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Crude Samples of Stem Bark Extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens. Der Pharma Chemica. 9(8), 1-5.
Okiti, A. F. and Osuntokun, O. T. (2020). Antimicrobial, Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking (In-silico Approach) of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Jatropha gossypiifolia L on Selected Clinical and Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 2020; 1-18. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMB/2020/v20i630248
Olusola-Makinde, O., Olabanji, O. B. and Ibisanmi, T. A. (2021). Evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Delile extracts and their antibacterial potentials on water-related bacteria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00651-6
Onifade, A. K. and Omololu, O. D. (2019). Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from Local Cheese in Ondo State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2019/v5i330133
Roberto, A. G., Delphine, D. N., Marie, M. P., Mahamat, A. and Valerie, N. N. (2018). Ethnological studies on melliferous plants of the Soudano-Sahelian zone of Chad. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies, 5(3): 193-198.
Shitu, A. S. I., Salisu, Z. N. I., and Johnson, A. A. (2024). Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Calotropis procera Root Extract against some Pathogenic Microorganisms in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(3), 194-200.
Singh, D. (2018). Study on traditional medicinal flora of Argungu local government areas, Kebbi State, Nigeria, West Africa. International Journal of Modern Plant and Animal Science, 3(1): 16-32.
Ajayi, G. O., Olorunrinu, T. J. and Shittu, M. A. (2020). Elucidation of bioactive compounds in hydroalcohol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn.) leaf using GC-MS analysis. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 9(2), 40-47.
Amara, K. V., Kumar, G. M. P., and Garampalli, R. H. (2025). Inventory of traditional medicinal plants and ethnobotanical knowledge from Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 17(6), 27035-27063.
Amenu, D., Nugusa, A. and Tafesse, T. (2025). Preservative effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria on fruits and vegetables. International Journal of Cell Biology, 2025(1), 5833236.
Association of Official Analytical Chemistry, (2011). Laboratory Manual on Basic Methods in Analytical Chemistry Education Consult. 22nd edition, In: Official Methods of Analysis 2011; 25-27.
Bari, M. L. and Yeasmin, S. (2018). Foodborne diseases and responsible agents. In Food safety and preservation (pp. 195-229). Academic Press.
Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M. M., Sherris, J. C., and Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1966; 45(4_ts), 493–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
Bialonska, D., Ramnani, P., Kasimsetty, S. G., Muntha, K. R., Gibson, G. R. and Ferreira, D. (2020). The influence of pomegranate by-product and punicalagins on selected groups of human intestinal microbiota. International Journal for Food Microbiology. 140: 175–182.
Bosso S. T. and Innalegwu, D. A. (2018). Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Garcinia kola against selected bacteria isolate. American Journal of Food Nutrition Health 3 (1): 26-30.
Campoli-Richards, Y. O., Yaoitcha, A. S., Houehanou, T. D., Fandohan, A. B. and Houinato, M. R. B. (2018). Prioritization of useful medicinal tree species for conservation in Wari-Maro forest reserve in Benin: A multivariate analysis approach. For Pol Econ 2018; 61: 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.07.001 \
Celso, V. N., Erika, B. A, Abrahão, F. N. and Garcia, C. B. (2016) Essential Crude Extracts "Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(2): 332-339.
Cheesebrough, M. (2010). Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhan, L., Chen, H., Zhang, Z., Huang, C. and Yue M. (2022). Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistant characterization of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to-eat rice products in Eastern China. Frontier of Microbioogyl. 13: 964823.
Chika, C. O., Jude, N. O., Ifeanyi, C. O. and Anyanwu, N. B. (2020). Antibacterial activities and toxicological potentials of crude ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta. Journal of American Science, 3 (3), 11–16.
Damtie, D. and Mekonnen, Y. (2015). In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activities of the methanol, aqueous and n-hexane extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium from Ethiopia. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 9(4), 91-97.
Dietrich, J., Hammerl, J. A., Johne, A., Kappenstein, O., Loeffler, C., Nöckler, K., Rosner, B., Spielmeyer, A., Szabo, I. and Richter, M. H. (2023). Impact of climate change on foodborne infections and intoxications. Journal of Health Monitoring, 8(3):78.
Ezugwu, R. I. (2025). Molecular Characterization of biofilm forming Enterococcus spp. isolated from patients with catheter associated urinary tract infections. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 25(9), 50-59.
Holmes, C. L., Anderson, M. T., Mobley, H. L. and Bachman, M. A. (2021). Pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacteremia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34 (2): e00234-e00220
Isunu, L. E., Omoya, F. O., Ogundare, A. O., Babatunde, O. J., Bayode, M. T. and Ajayi, K. O. (2022). Antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) methanol leaf extract on bacteria consortia isolated from blood of diabetic patients. Bacterial Empire 2022; 5(1), e381. https://doi.org/10.36547/be.381
Nigussie, D., Davey, G., Legesse, B. A., Fekadu, A. and Makonnen, E. (2021). Antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the leaves of three medicinal plants against selected bacteria isolated from wounds of lymphoedema patients. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 2.
Nwokonkwo, D. C., Okpani, A. N. and Elom, N. (2017). Extraction, Phytochemical, Antibacterial Screening and Spectroscopic Analysis of the Crude Samples of Stem Bark Extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens. Der Pharma Chemica. 9(8), 1-5.
Okiti, A. F. and Osuntokun, O. T. (2020). Antimicrobial, Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Docking (In-silico Approach) of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Jatropha gossypiifolia L on Selected Clinical and Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 2020; 1-18. https://doi.org/10.9734/JAMB/2020/v20i630248
Olusola-Makinde, O., Olabanji, O. B. and Ibisanmi, T. A. (2021). Evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Delile extracts and their antibacterial potentials on water-related bacteria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00651-6
Onifade, A. K. and Omololu, O. D. (2019). Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from Local Cheese in Ondo State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2019/v5i330133
Roberto, A. G., Delphine, D. N., Marie, M. P., Mahamat, A. and Valerie, N. N. (2018). Ethnological studies on melliferous plants of the Soudano-Sahelian zone of Chad. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies, 5(3): 193-198.
Shitu, A. S. I., Salisu, Z. N. I., and Johnson, A. A. (2024). Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Calotropis procera Root Extract against some Pathogenic Microorganisms in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 9(3), 194-200.
Singh, D. (2018). Study on traditional medicinal flora of Argungu local government areas, Kebbi State, Nigeria, West Africa. International Journal of Modern Plant and Animal Science, 3(1): 16-32.