Acute And Chronic Effect Of Lead Nitrate And Cadmium Sulphate In Tadpoles of Amietophrynus Regularis (Common African Toad)
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Abstract
The relative acute toxicity of cadmium sulphate and lead nitrate acting singly against the common African toad Amietophrynus regularis were evaluated over a 96 hrs period. The effects of sub lethal concentrations of the metallic salts on the oxidative responses were also studied over a 28 day period using whole tadpole homogenate. On the basis of 96 hr LC50 value, cadmium sulphate with 96 hr LC50 of 1.513mg/l, was found to be 4.3 times more toxic than the lead salt with 96 hr LC50 of 6.456 mg/l. Exposures to sub lethal concentrations (1/10th and 1/100th 96 hr LC50) of both metals resulted in increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation product, malondiadehyde (MDA) compared to the control tadpoles at both day 14 and 28. Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity was inhibited by day 28 relative to control for both metals but the activities of catalse (CAT) were often higher than those of the control tadpoles. Lead nitrate exposed tadpoles had reduced glutathione (GSH) which were significantly inhibited (P<0.05) in exposed groups in a dose dependent manner compared to the control. The consistency of MDA levels and SOD activity for both metal salt exposures was in agreement with previous findings and their combined use as biomarkers of exposure to pollutants in tadpoles is hereby supported.
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Onadeko, A. B., Amaeze, N. H., & Obe, M. A. (2016). Acute And Chronic Effect Of Lead Nitrate And Cadmium Sulphate In Tadpoles of Amietophrynus Regularis (Common African Toad) . The Bioscientist Journal, 4(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/34
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Mackie, G.L. (1989). Tolerances of five benthic invertebrates to hydrogen ions and metals (Cd, Pb, Al). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 18(1-2): 215-223
Maheswaran, R., Devapaul, A., Muralidharan, S., Velmurugan, B. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2008).
Haematological studies of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (L) exposed to mercuric chloride. International Journal of Intergrated Biology 2 (1): 49-54
Onadeko, A.B. and Rodel, M.O. (2009). Anuran surveys in south-western Nigeria. Salamandra 45(1):1-14.
Otitoloju, A.A. and Olagoke, O. (2011).
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes in Clarias gariepinus as useful biomarkers for monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 30: 340-346.
Otitoloju, A.A. and Don-Pedro, K.N. (2005).
An Assessment of Potential Ecological Disruption Based on Heavy Metal Toxicity, Accumulation and Distribution in Media of Lagos lagoon. Journal of African water Resources and Environment, 3:31 -
56.
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Reznick, A..Z, Packer, L. and Sen, C.K. (1998). Strategies to assess oxidative stress. In: Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle. Eds. Reznick AZ Packer L, Sen CK, Holloszy JO, Jackson MJ, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland. pp. 43-48.
Sedlak, J. and Lindsay,
R.H.(1968).Estimation of Total, Protein-Bound, and Non-protein
Sulfhydryl Groups in Tissue with Ellman’s Reagent. Analytical Biochemistry .
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Sparling, D.W., Fellers, G.M. and
McConnell, L.L., (2001). Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1591– 1595.
Sun, M. and Zigma,S.(1978).An
ImprovedSpectrophotometer Assay of Superoxide Dismutase Based On Epinephrine Antioxidation.
Analalytic Biochemistry. 90: 81-89.
Walker, C.H., Hopkin R.M., Sibly, R.M. and Peakall, D.B. (2001). Principles of Ecotoxicology. Taylor and Francis 309pp.
Methods in Enzymol. 105: 121-126.
Amaeze, N.H., Onadeko, A. and Nwosu, C.C. (2014). Comparative acute toxicity and oxidative stress response in tadpoles of Amietophrynus regularis exposed to refined petroleum product, unused and engine oils. African Journal of Biotechnology. 13(45):4251-4258
Amaeze N.H., Adeyemi R.O. and Adebesin O.A., (2015). Oxidative Stress, Heats Shock Protein and Histopathological effects in the gills Induced by Bridge Runoffs in African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 187:1-
16.
Avci, A,. Kacmaz, M.and Durak, I. (2005). Peroxidation in muscle and liver tissues from fish in contaminated river due to a petroleum refinery industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60:101105Blaustein, A.R. and Wake, D.B. (1995). The puzzle of declining amphibian populations. Scientific American. 272:52-57.
Blaustein, A.R., Romansic, J.M., Kiesecker, J.M. and Hatch, A.C. (2003). Ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distributions 9:123-140.
Boone, M.D. and Bridges, C.M. (2003) A hierarchical approach in studying the effects of an insecticide on amphibians In: Linder, G., Sparling D.W. and Krest, S.K. eds. Multiple Stressors and Declining Amphibians Populations: Evolutionary Cause and
Effects. Pensacola: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Press. Pp 265-270
Brucka-Jastrzębska, E. (2010). The Effect of
Aquatic Cadmium and Lead
Pollution on Lipid Peroxidation a nd Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Freshwater Fish. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 19(6):11391150.
Buege, J.A. and Aust, S.D. (1978). Microsomal lipid, Peroxidation. In: Flesicher, S., Packer, L. (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 52. Academic Press, New-York, pp. 302–310.
Cini, M., Fariello, R.Y., Bianchettettei, A., and Morettei, A. (1994). Studies on lipid peroxidation in the rat brain.
Neurochemistry Research 19(3):283-
288
Don-Pedro, K.N. (1980). A population explosion of Aphis crassivora (Koch), following DDT application in a cowpea plot (Vigna unguiculata) cultiva (prima). Nig. J. Nat. Hist.,(in full) 14: 617-619.
Don-Pedro, K.N. (2009). Man and the environmental crisis. University of Lagos Press. University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. 375pp
Esiegbe, F.J., Doherty, F.V., Sogbanmu, T.O. and Otitoloju, A.A. (2013). Histopathology alterations and lipidperoxidation as biomarkers of hydrocarbon-induced stress in the earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. Environmental Monititoring and
Assessment 185(3):2189-2196
Ezemonye, L. and Enuneku, A. (2005) Evaluation of acute toxicity of cadmium and lead to amphibian tadpoles (Toads: Bufo maculatus and Ptychadena bibroni). Journal of aquatic Sciences. 20 (1): 33-38.
Ezemonye, L. and Enuneku, A. (2006) Stage-dependent acute toxicity of exposure of Bufo maculatus and Ptychadena bibroni tadpoles to cadmium (Cd2+). J. Appl.Sci.
Technol. 11(1-2): 78-82.
Ezemonye, L.and Tongo, I. (2010). Acute toxic effects of Endosulfan and Diazone pesticides on adults amphibians (Bufo regularis). Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 2(5): 73-78.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis (3rd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Hick, L.L. (1985). Multiple use on western private industrial timberlands. Transactions of North American Wildlife Natural Resource
Conference. 50: 211-214.
Hickman, Jr. C.P., Roberts, L., Keen, S., Larson, A., I’Anson, H. and Esienhour, D.J. (2008). Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians: in Integrated Principles of Zoology, Fourteenth Edition, Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 544-562.
Houlahan, J.E., Findlay, C.S., Schmidt, B.R., Meyer, A.H. and Kuzmin, S.L. (2000). Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature 404:752-755.
Idowu Emmanuel Taiwo, Amaeze Nnamdi Henry, Adie Peter Imbufe & Otubanjo Olubunmi Adetoro (2012). Heavy metal bioaccumulation and biomarkers of oxidative stress in the wild African tiger frog,
Hoplobatrachus occipitalis. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8 (1): 6-15.
Kawai, M., Swan, K. F., Green, A.
E., Edwards, D. E., Anderson, M.
B. and Henson, M.
C. (2002). Placental endocrine disruption induced by cadmium: Effects on P450 cholesterol sidechain cleavage and 3bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes in cultured human trophoblasts. Biology of
Reproduction 67: 178–183.
Khangarot, B.S. and Ray, P.K. (1987). Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38: 722-726
Kiesecker, J.M. Blaustein, A.R. and Belden, L.K.( 2001). Complex causes of amphibian population declines. Nature. 410: 681-684.
King, M.A., Sogbanmu, T.O., Osibona,,
A. O., Doherty, F. and Otitoloju,
A.A. (2012). Toxicological evaluations and usefulness of lipid peroxidation as biomarker of exposure to crude oil and petroleum products tested against Clarias gariepinus and Clibanarius
africanus. NEP 11(1):1
Kurdland, L. (1960). Minamata disease.
World Neurology Journal 1:370–
385.
Lefcort H., Meguire, R.A., Wilson, L.H. and Ettinger, W.F. (1998). Heavy metals alter the survival, growth, metamorphosis and antipredatory behaviour of Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) tadpoles. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35: 447-456.
Lefcort, H., Thomson, S.M., Cowles, E.E., Harowicz, H.L., Livaudais, B.M., Roberts, W.E. and Ettinger, W.F. (1999). The importance of fear: predator and heavy metal mediated competition between tadpoles and snails. Ecological Applications,9: 1477-1489
Mackie, G.L. (1989). Tolerances of five benthic invertebrates to hydrogen ions and metals (Cd, Pb, Al). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 18(1-2): 215-223
Maheswaran, R., Devapaul, A., Muralidharan, S., Velmurugan, B. and Ignacimuthu, S. (2008).
Haematological studies of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus (L) exposed to mercuric chloride. International Journal of Intergrated Biology 2 (1): 49-54
Onadeko, A.B. and Rodel, M.O. (2009). Anuran surveys in south-western Nigeria. Salamandra 45(1):1-14.
Otitoloju, A.A. and Olagoke, O. (2011).
Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes in Clarias gariepinus as useful biomarkers for monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment 30: 340-346.
Otitoloju, A.A. and Don-Pedro, K.N. (2005).
An Assessment of Potential Ecological Disruption Based on Heavy Metal Toxicity, Accumulation and Distribution in Media of Lagos lagoon. Journal of African water Resources and Environment, 3:31 -
56.
Oyewo, E.O. (1998). Industrial Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Lagos Lagoon and their Biological Efffect on Estuaries Animals. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lagos.274pp.
Raimondo, S.M., Rowe, C.L. and Congdon, J.D. (1998). Exposure to coal ash impacts swimming performance and predator avoidance in larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana ). Journal of Herpetology 32:289- 292.
Reznick, A..Z, Packer, L. and Sen, C.K. (1998). Strategies to assess oxidative stress. In: Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle. Eds. Reznick AZ Packer L, Sen CK, Holloszy JO, Jackson MJ, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland. pp. 43-48.
Sedlak, J. and Lindsay,
R.H.(1968).Estimation of Total, Protein-Bound, and Non-protein
Sulfhydryl Groups in Tissue with Ellman’s Reagent. Analytical Biochemistry .
25: 1192-1205.
Sparling, D.W., Fellers, G.M. and
McConnell, L.L., (2001). Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1591– 1595.
Sun, M. and Zigma,S.(1978).An
ImprovedSpectrophotometer Assay of Superoxide Dismutase Based On Epinephrine Antioxidation.
Analalytic Biochemistry. 90: 81-89.
Walker, C.H., Hopkin R.M., Sibly, R.M. and Peakall, D.B. (2001). Principles of Ecotoxicology. Taylor and Francis 309pp.