PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING HOSPITALS/HEALTH CENTRES IN ONITSHA COMMUNITY, ONITSHA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE
Main Article Content
Abstract
A study of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women of Onitsha community in Onitsha North Local Government area Anambra State, Nigeria was carried out between January to June, 2013. A total of 200 women less than 20years and above, who attended hospital/health centres during the study were involved in the study. Two hundred samples of vaginal swabs were carefully and aseptically collected from the vaginal area using well-labeled, sterile, non-abrasive high vaginal swab sticks. All samples were centrifuged and examined microscopically within 2 hours of collection. The presence of Trichomonas vaginalis was detected by its characteristic jerking movement in a wet preparation. An overall prevalence of 17.5% T. vaginalis infection was obtained. The highest prevalence of T. vaginalis infection (27.5%) was obtained from General Hospital Onitsha. However, none (0%) was obtained in safety Medical laboratory. The highest prevalence (47.2%) was obtained from age group 30-39 years age old. Non-pregnant women were more infected (17.8%) than pregnant ones (16.7%) but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Adequate personal hygiene, avoidance of promiscuity, faithfulness to on sexual partner, and health education were advocated for improvement of their health.
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Iwueze, M., Ezeanyanwu, L., Okafor, F., Nwaorgu , O., & Ukibe, S. (2014). PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING HOSPITALS/HEALTH CENTRES IN ONITSHA COMMUNITY, ONITSHA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE. The Bioscientist Journal, 2(1), 54-64. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/68
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References
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Adu-Sarkodie, Y. Trichonomas vaginalis
screening global. Sex Transm Infect
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Anosike, I. C., Onwuliri, C. O.M., Inyang, R. E.
M., Nwoke, B. E., Okoye, S. N.,
Akogun, O. B. (1993). Trichomonas
among students of a higher institution
in Nigeria. Applied Parasitology.34:
19-25.
Barch, T. A. and Rees, C. W. (1989).
Epidemiological studies on Human
Trichomoniasis. Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 8: 312-318.
Brown, M. T. (1992). Trichomoniasis.
Practitioner, 201: 639-641.
Cameron, D. W. and Padia, N. S. (1999).Sexual
transmission of HIV and epidemiology
of their sexual transmitted diseases.
AIDS 4 (supple): 599-5103.
Centre for Disease control and Prevention, (2006).
Sexually transmitted diseases treatment
guideline. MMWR: 55(RR11): 1-94.
Cudmore, S. L., Delgathy, K. L., Hayward-
Mcdell, S. F., Petrin, D. P. and Garber,
G. E. (2004).Treatment of Infections
caused by metronidazole-Resistant
Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical
Microbiology Review.17(4): 783-793.
Diamond, L. S. (1980).In vitro of cultivation of the
Trichomonas. A state of Art Review.
Acta. Univ. Caro. 30:227-229.
Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (FMHN).
Technical report on 2003 National
HIV/Syphilis Sentinel survey among
pregnant women attending antenatal
clinics in Nigeria. Abuja: FMHN,
2004.
Johnson, V. J. and Maybey, D. C. (2008).Global
Epidemiology and control of
Trichomonas vaginalis. Current
opinion in Infectious Diseases. 21(11):
56-64.
Jumbo, G. T., Opayobi, S. O. and Hobbs, N.M.
(2007). Trichonomiasis. The Internet
Journal of parasitic diseases 8: 67-88.
Laga, M., Manoka, A. and Kivuvu, M. (1993)
Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted
diseases risk factors for HIV-1
transmission in women: results from a
cohort study. AIDS 7: 95-102.
Oyerinde, J. P. O. (1999). Essentials of tropical
medical Parasitology. University of
Lagos Press, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria pp
60-62.
Soper, D. (2004). Trichomoniasis; Under
Controlled or Under Control?
American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology. 190: 281-290.
Swygard, H., Sena, A. C., Hobbs, M. M. and
Cahen, M. S. (2004). Trichomoniasis
clinical manifestations, diagnosis and
management. Sex Trans. Infec.80: 91-
95.
Thomson, J. L. Soper, D. and Gilbert, S. M.
(1989) Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstel
Gyneio l Clin. Nor Am 16: 531-540.
Ulogu, I. O., Obiajuru, I. O. C. and Ekejindu, I. M.
(2007). “trichomoniasis among women
in Nnewi, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of
Parasitology. 28(1): 7-10.
World Health Organization, (1992).Global
prevalence and incidence of selected
curable sexually transmitted Disease
overview and estimates.
Heine, P. and McGregor, J. A.
(1993).Trichomonas vaginalis: A
reemerging pathogen.
Clin.Obset.Gyncol.36: 137-144.
Hobbs, M., Kazemb, P., Reed, A., Miller, W., and
Nkata, E. (1999). Trichomonas
Prevalence of Trichomonas…
Iwueze et al., 2014 60
vaginalis as a cause of Urethritis in
Malawian men. Sexually Transmitted
Diseases.26: 391-387.
Honniberg, B. M. and Brugerolle, G. (1990).
Trichomonads Parasite in Human
structure, in B. M. Honnigberg
(edition).Springer Verglag. New York,
P. 535.
Jirovec, O. and Petru, M. (1968). Trichomonas
vaginalis and trichomoniasis.
Advanced Parasitology.6: 117-180.
Kaydos-daniel, S. C., Moller, W. C., Hoffman, I.,
Price, M. A., martinson, F.
Chilongozim D, Namakwha, D., Gana,
S., Phakati, S., Cohen, M. S. and
Hobbs, M. W. (2004).The use of
specimens from various genits urinary
sites in man.To detect Trichomonas
vaginalis Infections. J. Infect. Dis. 189:
1926-1931.
Lawzing, L. F., Hedgas, S. R. and Schwebke. J. R.
(2000). Detection of trichomoniasis in
vaginal and urine specimens from
women by culture and
PCB.J.Clin.Microbiol.38: 2683-87.
Lehker, M. N. and Alderete, J. F. (1990).
Properties of Trichomonas vaginalis
grown under chemostat controlled
growth condition. Genitourin
Medicine. 66: 93-99.
Leventhal, Ruth and resell Cheadle (1996).
“Trichonomas vaginalis” Phiadelphia,
F. A. Davis Company. Medical
Parasitology. 7th (ed.) 78-79.
Mbizro, E. M., Msuya, and Stray. Peders
(2001).Determinants of Reproductive
Tract Infection among asymptomatic
women, Zimbabwe. Central African
Journals.47: 57-64.
Meyta, H., Gilman, H. R., Calderon, M. M. and
Goftlieb, A. (2000). Issribosomal
DNS-based PCR for diagnosis of
Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin.
Microbiol.38: 2683-87.
Obiajuru, I. O. C. (2004).The prevalence of
Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Imo
State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.
Scthesis. Imo State University, Owerri
Nigeria.
Petrin, D., Delgathy, K., Bhatt, R. and Garber, G.
E. (April, 1998). Clinical and
Microbiological aspect of
Trichonomias vaginalis. Clinical
microbiology Review.11(2): 300-319.
Rein, M. F. and Muller, M. (1990).Trichonomas
vaginalis and trichomoniasis. Sexually
Transmitted Diseases.481-492.
Sawyer, P., Brogder, R. N., Pinder, T. M., Speight,
G. S. and Avery (1976). Tinidazole: a
review of its antiprotozoal activity and
therapeutic efficacy drugs. 11: 423-
440.
Sobel, J. D. (1996). Vaginitcs. Engl. J. Med.,
Sorvillo, F., Swith, L., Kernat, P. and Ash, L.
(2001). Trichomonas vaginalis HIV
and African-Americans. Emerg. Infect,
Dis., 7: 927-932.
Thomason, J. C. and Gelbart, S. M. (September,
1989). “Trichomonas vaginalis”.
Obstetric Gynecology.74 (3pt2): 56-
541.
UN Habitat,2009.Structure plan for Onitsha and
Satellite towns.
Wood, B. and Monroe, A.
(1995).Pharmacokinetins of tinidazole
and metronidazole after single large
dose. British Journal Veneral
diseases.51: 51-53.
World Health Organization, (1992).Global
Prevalence and transmitted Diseases
Overview and estimates.
of sexually transmitted diseases among
pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria. J.
ObstetGynaecol2003; 23: 637-9.
Adu-Sarkodie, Y. Trichonomas vaginalis
screening global. Sex Transm Infect
2004; 80:201-203.
Anosike, I. C., Onwuliri, C. O.M., Inyang, R. E.
M., Nwoke, B. E., Okoye, S. N.,
Akogun, O. B. (1993). Trichomonas
among students of a higher institution
in Nigeria. Applied Parasitology.34:
19-25.
Barch, T. A. and Rees, C. W. (1989).
Epidemiological studies on Human
Trichomoniasis. Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 8: 312-318.
Brown, M. T. (1992). Trichomoniasis.
Practitioner, 201: 639-641.
Cameron, D. W. and Padia, N. S. (1999).Sexual
transmission of HIV and epidemiology
of their sexual transmitted diseases.
AIDS 4 (supple): 599-5103.
Centre for Disease control and Prevention, (2006).
Sexually transmitted diseases treatment
guideline. MMWR: 55(RR11): 1-94.
Cudmore, S. L., Delgathy, K. L., Hayward-
Mcdell, S. F., Petrin, D. P. and Garber,
G. E. (2004).Treatment of Infections
caused by metronidazole-Resistant
Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical
Microbiology Review.17(4): 783-793.
Diamond, L. S. (1980).In vitro of cultivation of the
Trichomonas. A state of Art Review.
Acta. Univ. Caro. 30:227-229.
Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (FMHN).
Technical report on 2003 National
HIV/Syphilis Sentinel survey among
pregnant women attending antenatal
clinics in Nigeria. Abuja: FMHN,
2004.
Johnson, V. J. and Maybey, D. C. (2008).Global
Epidemiology and control of
Trichomonas vaginalis. Current
opinion in Infectious Diseases. 21(11):
56-64.
Jumbo, G. T., Opayobi, S. O. and Hobbs, N.M.
(2007). Trichonomiasis. The Internet
Journal of parasitic diseases 8: 67-88.
Laga, M., Manoka, A. and Kivuvu, M. (1993)
Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted
diseases risk factors for HIV-1
transmission in women: results from a
cohort study. AIDS 7: 95-102.
Oyerinde, J. P. O. (1999). Essentials of tropical
medical Parasitology. University of
Lagos Press, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria pp
60-62.
Soper, D. (2004). Trichomoniasis; Under
Controlled or Under Control?
American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology. 190: 281-290.
Swygard, H., Sena, A. C., Hobbs, M. M. and
Cahen, M. S. (2004). Trichomoniasis
clinical manifestations, diagnosis and
management. Sex Trans. Infec.80: 91-
95.
Thomson, J. L. Soper, D. and Gilbert, S. M.
(1989) Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstel
Gyneio l Clin. Nor Am 16: 531-540.
Ulogu, I. O., Obiajuru, I. O. C. and Ekejindu, I. M.
(2007). “trichomoniasis among women
in Nnewi, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of
Parasitology. 28(1): 7-10.
World Health Organization, (1992).Global
prevalence and incidence of selected
curable sexually transmitted Disease
overview and estimates.
Heine, P. and McGregor, J. A.
(1993).Trichomonas vaginalis: A
reemerging pathogen.
Clin.Obset.Gyncol.36: 137-144.
Hobbs, M., Kazemb, P., Reed, A., Miller, W., and
Nkata, E. (1999). Trichomonas
Prevalence of Trichomonas…
Iwueze et al., 2014 60
vaginalis as a cause of Urethritis in
Malawian men. Sexually Transmitted
Diseases.26: 391-387.
Honniberg, B. M. and Brugerolle, G. (1990).
Trichomonads Parasite in Human
structure, in B. M. Honnigberg
(edition).Springer Verglag. New York,
P. 535.
Jirovec, O. and Petru, M. (1968). Trichomonas
vaginalis and trichomoniasis.
Advanced Parasitology.6: 117-180.
Kaydos-daniel, S. C., Moller, W. C., Hoffman, I.,
Price, M. A., martinson, F.
Chilongozim D, Namakwha, D., Gana,
S., Phakati, S., Cohen, M. S. and
Hobbs, M. W. (2004).The use of
specimens from various genits urinary
sites in man.To detect Trichomonas
vaginalis Infections. J. Infect. Dis. 189:
1926-1931.
Lawzing, L. F., Hedgas, S. R. and Schwebke. J. R.
(2000). Detection of trichomoniasis in
vaginal and urine specimens from
women by culture and
PCB.J.Clin.Microbiol.38: 2683-87.
Lehker, M. N. and Alderete, J. F. (1990).
Properties of Trichomonas vaginalis
grown under chemostat controlled
growth condition. Genitourin
Medicine. 66: 93-99.
Leventhal, Ruth and resell Cheadle (1996).
“Trichonomas vaginalis” Phiadelphia,
F. A. Davis Company. Medical
Parasitology. 7th (ed.) 78-79.
Mbizro, E. M., Msuya, and Stray. Peders
(2001).Determinants of Reproductive
Tract Infection among asymptomatic
women, Zimbabwe. Central African
Journals.47: 57-64.
Meyta, H., Gilman, H. R., Calderon, M. M. and
Goftlieb, A. (2000). Issribosomal
DNS-based PCR for diagnosis of
Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin.
Microbiol.38: 2683-87.
Obiajuru, I. O. C. (2004).The prevalence of
Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Imo
State, Nigeria. Unpublished M.
Scthesis. Imo State University, Owerri
Nigeria.
Petrin, D., Delgathy, K., Bhatt, R. and Garber, G.
E. (April, 1998). Clinical and
Microbiological aspect of
Trichonomias vaginalis. Clinical
microbiology Review.11(2): 300-319.
Rein, M. F. and Muller, M. (1990).Trichonomas
vaginalis and trichomoniasis. Sexually
Transmitted Diseases.481-492.
Sawyer, P., Brogder, R. N., Pinder, T. M., Speight,
G. S. and Avery (1976). Tinidazole: a
review of its antiprotozoal activity and
therapeutic efficacy drugs. 11: 423-
440.
Sobel, J. D. (1996). Vaginitcs. Engl. J. Med.,
Sorvillo, F., Swith, L., Kernat, P. and Ash, L.
(2001). Trichomonas vaginalis HIV
and African-Americans. Emerg. Infect,
Dis., 7: 927-932.
Thomason, J. C. and Gelbart, S. M. (September,
1989). “Trichomonas vaginalis”.
Obstetric Gynecology.74 (3pt2): 56-
541.
UN Habitat,2009.Structure plan for Onitsha and
Satellite towns.
Wood, B. and Monroe, A.
(1995).Pharmacokinetins of tinidazole
and metronidazole after single large
dose. British Journal Veneral
diseases.51: 51-53.
World Health Organization, (1992).Global
Prevalence and transmitted Diseases
Overview and estimates.