FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF AIR AND WATER SAMPLES FROM POULTRY FARMS THAT PRACTICE FLOOR AND CAGE HOUSING SYSTEMS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA.
Main Article Content
Abstract
The industrialization of the poultry sector poses negative impact on air and water. Investigation on fungal contamination of 100 samples each of air and water were carried out in each of the ten poultry farms that practice floor and cage housing systems in Anambra State. The air mycoflora by plate exposure method and water samples (100ml) collected from tap water and drinkers in sterile sample bottles, were spread inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates supplemented with 0.05mg/ml Chloramphenicol, incubated at 25oC for 3 – 7 days. The isolates were identified based on their macroscopic, microscopic and genetic features. Fungi isolated include the following genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Curvularia, Trichoderma, Scopulariopsis, Acremonium, Syncephalis, Lichtheima, Paecilomyces, Cunninghamella, Starchybotrys, Chrysonila and Yeast. The fungal loads of air and water samples during dry and rainy seasons were higher in poultries that practice floor system than cage system. The poultry with floor system had the highest mean fungal loads of 1.29 × 102 cfu/ml for air and 1.22 × 105 cfu/ml for water during dry season which is statistically significant (p=0.024). Most of the identified fungal species are characterized as allergens and an exposure of their spores may provoke adverse health effects.
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Mba, A. N., Ekwealor, C. C., & Ekwealor, I. A. (2024). FUNGAL CONTAMINATION OF AIR AND WATER SAMPLES FROM POULTRY FARMS THAT PRACTICE FLOOR AND CAGE HOUSING SYSTEMS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA. The Bioscientist Journal, 12(1), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i1.167
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Lonc, E. and Plewa, K. (2010). Microbial air contamination in poultry houses. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14(4): 445 -449.
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Popescu, S., Borda, C., Diugan, E. A. and Oros, D. (2014). Microbial air contamination in indoor and outdoor environment of pig farms. Animal Science and Biotechnology, 47: 182 – 187.
Popescu, S., Borda, C., El Mahdy, C., Lazar, E. A., Blaga, A. and Petrean, M. S. (2019). Airborne bacteria and fungi concentration in relation with bedding type in broiler houses. Veterinary Medicine, 76(2): 222 - 225
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AVEC Annual Report 2021 (2021). Brussel, Belgium.
Bruce, D., Rand, O. M., Virginie, M., Vonne, L. and Cecilie, M. (2015). Air quality in alternative housing system may have an impact on laying hen welfare Part 1 – Dust Animal 5(3): 495 – 511.
Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska, A., Tymczyna, L., Pyrz, M., Trawinska, B., Abramczyk, K. and Dobrowolska, M. (2018). Occupational exposure level of pig facility workers to chemical and biological pollutants. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25(2): 262 – 267.
Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska, A., Trawinska, B., Tymczyna, L., Bis-Wencel, H. and Matuszewski, L. (2021). Microbial contamination of air in livestock buildings as a threat to human and animal health – a review. Annals of Animal Science, 21(2): 417 – 431.
Chuwang, S. C., Ojonugwa, G. A., Andrew, T. D., Unata, M. I., Chukwu, T. V., Isioma, D. and Okwori, A. J. (2013). Potential public health hazard of the mycoflora of poultry litter in some selected poultry farms in Jos, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(4):064 – 066.
De Hoog, G. S., Guarro, J., Gene, J. and Figueras, M. J. (2000). Atlas of Clinical Fungi. 2(1). Centroalbureau Vonr Schimmel cultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
de Rooij, M. M. T., Hoek, G., Schmitt, H., Janse, I., Swart, A., Maasen, C. B. M., Schalk, M., Heederik, D. J. J., Wouters, I. M. (2019a). Insights into livestock-related microbial concentrations in air at residential level in a livestock dense area. Environmental Science and Technology, 53: 7746 – 7758.
Diba, K., Kordbacheh, P., Mirhendi, S. H., Rezaie, S. and Mahmoudi, M. (2007). Identification of Aspergillus species using morphological characteristics. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 23(6): 867 – 872.
Ekwealor, C. C. and Oyeka, C. A. (2013). Cutaneous mycoses among rice farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Mycology, Article ID 190742 5 pages.
Ezenwaji, E. E. Awopeju, A. K., Otti, V. I. and Eduputa, B. M. (2014). Spartial patterns of residential water supply accessibility levels in Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(1): 326 – 336.
FAO Food Outlook-Biannual Report on Global Food Markets (2022) 10.4060/eb9427en Rome, Italy.
Gomes, B., Dias, M., Cervantes, R., Santos, J., Pinto, M. V. and Viegas, C. (2023). One health approach to tackle microbial contamination on poultries – A systematic review. Toxics, 11(4):374.
Gorny, R. L. (2020b). Szkodliwe cznniki biologiczne (in polish). P. M. J. (ed)., Czynniki szkodliwe w srodowisku pracywartosc dopuszczalne (12. Ed), Whdawnictwo Centralnego Instytutu Ochrony Pracy-PIB, Warsaw, Poland pp 157 – 168.
Girma, G., Abebaw, M., Zemene, M., Mamuye, Y. and Getaneh, G. (2016) A review on
Aspergillosis in poultry. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 7: 382
Grzinic, G., Piotrowicz-Cieslak, A., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Gorny, R. L., Tawniczek-Watczy
K, A., Oikowska, E., Piechowicz, L., Potrykus, M., Tankiewicz, M., Krupka, M., Siebielec, G. and Wolska, L. (2023). Intensive poultry farming: A review of the impact on the environment and human health. Science of the Total Environment, 858(3): 160014.
Guo, L., Zhao, B., Jia, Y., He, F. and Chen, W. (2022). Mitigation strategies of air pollutants for mechanical ventilated livestock and poultry housing – a review. Atmosphere, 13(3):453.
Hassan, D. M. A. (2009). Studies of mycobiota occurring in broiler chicken’s poultry
farms.http://lib.mans.edu.eg/eulc_v5/Libraries/Thesis/BrowseThesisPages.aspx?fThesisPicBody&BibID=10774587&TotalNoOfRecord=203&PageNo=1&Retrieved December 17, 2023.
Ibrahim, A. N., Khalefa, H. S., Aboul-Ella, H. and Moubarak, S. T. (2021). Efficacy of disinfection on airborne and waterborne fungal load in broiler chicken houses. Journal of Animal Health Production, 9(3): 296 – 302.
Ifeka, A. C. and Akinbola, A. (2015). Land use/land cover change detection in some selected stations in Anambra State. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 18(1): 1 – 11.
Karwowska, E. (2005). Microbiological air contamination in farming environment. Journal of
Poultry and Environmental Studies. 14: 445
Kostadinova, G., Petkov, G., Dene, S., Miteva, C. H., Stefanove, R. and Penev, T. (2014). Microbial pollution of manure, litter, air and soil in a poultry farm in Bulgaria. Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(1): 56 – 65.
Lonc, E. and Plewa, K. (2010). Microbial air contamination in poultry houses. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14(4): 445 -449.
Mohammed, K. F. (2018). Water in Poultry farms. Engornum (en.engormix.com)
Mustedanagic, A., Matt, M., Weyermair, K., Schrattenecker, A., Kubitza, I., Firth, C. L., Loncaric, I., Wagner, M. and Stess, I. B. (2023). Assessment of microbial quality in poultry drinking water on farms in Austria. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10: 1254442.
Natasha, J., Caroline, D. and Baljit, S. (2009). An aerobiologicalperspective of dust in cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations. Journal of occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 4:13
Okiki, A. P. and Ogbimi, A. O. (2011). Microfungi and mycotoxins in poultry dust. Esudos de Biologia 32/33 (76/81): 81 -86.
Pavan, R. and Manjunath, K. (2014). Indoor and outdoor air quality of poultry farm at Bangalore. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 5(4): 654 – 665.
Popescu, S., Borda, C., Diugan, E. A. and Oros, D. (2014). Microbial air contamination in indoor and outdoor environment of pig farms. Animal Science and Biotechnology, 47: 182 – 187.
Popescu, S., Borda, C., El Mahdy, C., Lazar, E. A., Blaga, A. and Petrean, M. S. (2019). Airborne bacteria and fungi concentration in relation with bedding type in broiler houses. Veterinary Medicine, 76(2): 222 - 225
Rzeznik, W. and Mielcarek-Bochenska, P. (2022). Odour emissions from livestock buildings. Atmosphere, 13:254.
Saenz, J. A. C. (2021). Poultry production systems and facilities in laying hens. Veterinarian Digital. www.veterinariadigital.com. Cited 15th April, 2024.
Sowiak, M., Brodka, K., Kozajda, A., Buczynska, A., Szadkowska-Stanczyk, I. (2012a). Fungal aerosol in the process of poultry breeding: quantitative and qualitative analysis. Medycyna Pracy 63(1): 1 – 10.
Statistical yearbook (2011). Population density of Local Government Area 2011. Pp 12. http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/statistical%20years%20Book%202011pdf Retrieved May 14, 2015.
Sun, Y., Liu, C., Li, Y., Li, D., Shu, L. and Cheng, J. (2023). Effect of cage and flooring housing systems on musck fiber characteristics, carcass characteristics and meat quality of slow-growing meat-type chickens. Agriculture, 13(2): 365.
Vaarst, M., Steenfeldt, S. and Horsted, K. (2015). Sustainable development perspectives of poultry production. World’d Poultry Science Journal, 71: 609 – 620.
Viegas, C., Viegas, S., Monterro, A., Carolino, E., Sabino, R. and Verissimo, C. (2012b). Air contamination in Animal Production: The poultry case. (Eds.) Longhurst, J. W. S. and Brebbie, C. A. WIT press, Southampton Boston UK pp: 315 -317.
Vucemilo, M., Matkovic, K., Vinkovic, B., Jaksic, S., Gramic, K. and Mas, N. (2007). The effect of animal age on air pollutant concentration in a broiler house. Czech. Journal of Animal Science, 52:170.