Assessment of the Effect of Industrial Brewery Effluent use in Irrigation, on the Heavy Metal Concentrations and Phytochemicals of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of Brewery effluent on the properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum. The experiment was conducted inside a screen house in the Botanical garden of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The plantlets were watered with six concentrations of Brewery effluent concentrations (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) at two days intervals for 12 weeks. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant means separated using Least Significant Difference Test. The result of the physicochemical parameters showed that the pH (7.71±0.05), Total Dissolved Solid (2.55±0.50), Total Solid (29.31±0.22), Biological Oxygen Demand (1.97±0.12), Chemical Oxygen Demand (49.97±6.00) and Dissolved Solids (3.00±0.15) are within WHO and NESREA permissible standard limit while Total Suspended Solids (26.76±0.26) and Turbidity (38.80±11.70) were above the standard limits. The soil chemical properties after the experiment showed a significant difference in the pH (6.53), N (1.30), P (18.60), K (2.23), and Ca (0.23) levels across the different treatments. The mean values for the accumulation of the heavy metals revealed that copper (5.53±0.04), zinc (16.65±0.30), nickel (13.19±0.026), lead (0.77±0.003), and iron (68.00±0.00) except cadmium (33.32±0.57) were below WHO/ FAO permissible standard limits. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds in both treated and control plants. It is therefore recommended that Brewery effluent should not be discharged directly into the water bodies and their surroundings, but used as an alternative to mineral fertilizers.
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Osayi, E. E., Onu, N. J., Obaregwu, C., Nneka, A. A., Igwe, U., Nkwocha , M. C., & Ogbunike, P. (2026). Assessment of the Effect of Industrial Brewery Effluent use in Irrigation, on the Heavy Metal Concentrations and Phytochemicals of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. The Bioscientist Journal, 14(1), 28-56. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v14i1.202
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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APHA (1992). Standard Methods of Water and Wastewater Examination. 18th Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
Arjun, E. I., and Nwachukwu, M. U. (2013). Evaluation of the effects of industrial wastewater discharge on surface water: A case study of Nigeria Breweries PLC, Enugu. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2 (3): 46 – 63.
Akachukwu and Farusi (1995). Green leafy vegetables. In: Nutritional Quality of Plant Food, Food Chemistry 6 (9); 133- 136.
Arnell, O. and Edwards, P. (2004). Public health issues of waste water-fed aquaculture. Urban Agriculture Magazine. 1(3); 20-22.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). (2002). Official methods of Analysis of AOAC, (17TH edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, D.C. 1149 pp.
Awaleh, M.O. and Soubaneh, Y.D. (2014). Wastewater Treatment in Chemical Industries: The Concept and Current Technologies. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. 5 (8); 43-45.
Braeken, A.P., Asano, T. and Power, O. (2014). Waste water reuse. In Biswas. Water resources: Environmental planning, Management, and Development. Journal of Natural Science Research, 6 (8); 381-438.
Breweries of Europe (2002). Guidance notes for establishing best available technique (BAT) in the brewery industry. Brewers of Europe, European Journal of Botany.7; 14 – 38.
Center for Agriculture and Biological Sciences International (CABI) (2017). Preferred scientific name Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.www.cabi.org/ise/datasheet/110331.Accessed 12 July 2020
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Review. 12: 564 – 582.
Dimowo, B. O. (2013). Assessment of some physicochemical parameters of River Ogun (Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria) in comparison with national and international standard. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3(15): 79 – 84
Epstein, A.V., Bloom, M.P. and Chanduvi, F. (2005). Worldwide status of wastewater treatment for irrigation. In: Agroenviron: Proceedings of second international symposium on New Technologies for Environmental Monitoring and Agro-Applications, 18-20 October 2019. Tekirdag. Turkey. Trakya University, Tekirdayg, Turkey, 3(2); 304-312.
Egunjobi, J. K. (1969). Some Common Weeds of West Africa. Bulletin Resource Division. Ministry of Agriculture. National Resources Western States, Ibadan, Nigeria. 4(3): 224 – 229.
Egwuonwu, C. C., Uzojie, A. P., Okafor, V. C., Ezeanya, N. C. and Nwachukwu, M. U. (2012). Evaluation of the effects of industrial wastewater discharge on surface water: A case study of Nigeria Breweries PLC, Enugu. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(3): 46 – 63.
Ekhaise, F.O. and Anyasi, C.C. (2005). Influence of Breweries Effluent Discharge on the Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Ikpoba River, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology., 4 (4):1062-1065.
Fontem, D.A. and Schippers, R.R. (2004). Economic importance of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 6 (6): 120-133.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1996). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: 46th report of the joint FAO and WHO expert committee on food additives, Codex Standards, Rome. Pp. 8.
Freeman, A. and Faroqui, S. (2005). Tapping wastewater. Journal of Natural Science Research 10 (2): 20-21.
Jodeh, S., Staiti, H.O., Haddad, M., Renno, T., Zaid, A., Jaradat, N. and Kharoat, M. (2012). The fate of leachate of pharmaceuticals like Amoxicillin, Ibuprofen and Caffein in the soil, using soil columns. European Journal of Chemistry, 3(4); 480-484.
Ibekwe, V. I., Nwaiwu, O. I. and Offorbuike, J. O. (2004). Bacteriology and physicochemical qualities of wastewater from a bottling company in Owerri, Nigeria. Global of Environmental Sciences, 3: 51 –54.
Ikpeaiyada, A. R. and Onianwa, P. C. (2009). Impact of brewery effluent on water quality in Olosun River in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Chemistry and Ecology, 25: 189 – 204.
Jones, E. and Ensink, J. (2013). Nationwide Wastewater Survey. International Water Management Institute. 2(5); 74-75.
Kamboj A, Ajay K. S. (2010) Microscopial and preliminary phytochemical studies on Aerial part (leaves and stems) of Bryophyllum pinnatum. FUUAST Journal of Biology. 2 (3) 254-59.
Kumar, G.P., and Arjun, S.K. (2013). A Cocktail enzyme: pectinase from fruit industrial dump sites: A review Research. Journal of Pharmacological, Biological and .Chemistry Science., 5:1252-1258.
Li W., MaoR., Liu X.(2015). Effects of stress. Duration and non toxic ions on heavy metals toxicity to Arabidopsis seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Environmental Contaminated Toxicology. 7 (6): 1943-2170.
Majaz, Q. A., Tatiya, A. U., Khurshid, M., Nazim, S. and Siraj, S. (2011). The Miracle Plant (Kalanchoe pinnata): A phytochemical and pharmacological Review. International Journal of Resource and Pharmacological. 2(5): 1478 – 1482.
Makkar, A. O. S. and Goodchild A. V. (1996). Qualification of Tannins: A laboratory manual. International Centre of Agricultural Research in Dry Areas. Journal of Agric Food Chemistry 2(1):20-23.
Nandy, T. and Kaul, S.N. (1994). Waste water management for tapioca-based sago industry. Indian Journal Environmental Project, 14;721-728.
Narrain, K., Chilton, P.J., Stuart, M. E., Escolero, O., Marks, R.J., Gonzalez, A. and Milne, C.J. (2012). Groundwater recharge and pollutant transport beneath wastewater irrigation: the ease of Leon, Mexico. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7 (2); 153-168.
NESREA (2009). National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Regulations. 96: 65 - 66, The Federal Government Printer, Abuja, Nigeria.
Nirgude, N.T., Shukia, S. and Venkatachalam, A. (2013). Physico-chemical analysis of some industrial effluents from Vapi industrial area, Gujarat, India. Rasayan Journal Chemistry. 6:68-72.
Nipost Postcode Map. Nigeria postal Service. Archived from the original on 7th October 2009. Retrieved 8th May 2020.www.Nipost.org/ise/datasheet/110331.Accessed 12 July 2020.
Nwoko, C.O., and Ogunremi, S.J., (2010). Evaluation of phyto-toxicity effects of palm oil mill effluent on maize (Zea mays L.) crop: yield, tissue nutrient and residual soil chemical properties. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4 (1): 16-22.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor, O. (2008). Growth and anatomy of Bryophyllum pinnatum as affected by different brewery effluent concentrations. Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1); 70-74.
Olorode, O. A. and Fagade, O. E. (2012). Comparison between a brewery effluent and its receiving stream in Ibadan based on their physical, chemical and microbiological analysis. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2): 293 – 299.
Omosun, P.N. (2008) Post –treatment plant effluent using a two-stage fluidized bed bioreactor system. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 3(1);1186 - 2052.
Otokunefor, T. V. and Obiukwu, C. (2005). Impact of refinery effluent on the physicochemical properties of a water body in the Niger Delta. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 3(1): 61 – 72.
Pena L. R., Azpilicueta C.E., Gallego S.M. (2017). Sunflower cotyledons cope with copper stress by inducing catalase sub units less sensitive to oxidation. Journal of Trace Element Medical Biology. 25: 125-129.
Power S. D. (2014). Modern environmental health hazards: A public health issue of increasing significant Africa. Environmental Health Perspective, Journal of Trace Element Medical Biology. 7 (6): 863 – 870.
Piyush, C., Sharda, G., Cheeran, A. N and Anand, K. C. (2012). Fast and accurate method for leaf area measurement. International Journal of Computer Application, 4(3): 22 – 25.
Radwan M.A., and Salama A.K. (2016). Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 4(8); 1273-1278.
Ramana , S., Biswas, A.K., Kundu, S., Saha, J.K. and Yadava, R.B. (2002). Effect of effluent on seed germination in some vegetable’s crops. Biological-resource Technology 82:273-275.
Rodda, F.N., Simate, O.A., Muyen, E.O and Droogers, P. (2011). Global irrigated area mapping: Overview and recommendations. Workingpaper36. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, 6 (1) 54 - 60.
Sahu, S.K., and Pradhan, K.C. (2014). Sarangi soil pollution in Orissa. Orissa Review 2014 Sep. 1 (2): 12 – 14.
Sathawara N. G., Parikh D.J., and Agrawal Y.K. (2018). Essential heavy metals in environmental samples from western India, Bulletin of Environnmental Contamination and Toxicology. 3 (4); 756-761.
Siriangkhawut, W., Tontrong. S. and Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Quantitation of aluminum content in waters and soft drinks by spectrophotometry using eriochrome Cyanine R. Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 4(3): 1154-1161.
Tilt, B., (2013). Industrial pollution and environmental health in rural China: Risk, Uncertainty and individualization. China. Analytical Biochemistry. 2 (4) :283-301.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G. and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. International Pharmaceutical Sciencia. 1(1): 98-106.
Udoh, E.J. (2015). Technical inefficiency in vegetable, farming of humid region. An analysis of dry season vegetable farming of urban women in South Zone. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, and social sciences.1:80- 85.
USEPA (2004). Memorandum: Development and Adoption of Nutrient Criteria into Water Quality Standards. United State Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA. http://dasup.epa.gov/waters/natioal-pept.control#top-Imp.Accessed March 6, 2021.
WHO (1996). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Health Criteria and Other Supporting International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva.
APHA (1992). Standard Methods of Water and Wastewater Examination. 18th Edition, American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington DC, USA.
Arjun, E. I., and Nwachukwu, M. U. (2013). Evaluation of the effects of industrial wastewater discharge on surface water: A case study of Nigeria Breweries PLC, Enugu. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2 (3): 46 – 63.
Akachukwu and Farusi (1995). Green leafy vegetables. In: Nutritional Quality of Plant Food, Food Chemistry 6 (9); 133- 136.
Arnell, O. and Edwards, P. (2004). Public health issues of waste water-fed aquaculture. Urban Agriculture Magazine. 1(3); 20-22.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). (2002). Official methods of Analysis of AOAC, (17TH edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington, D.C. 1149 pp.
Awaleh, M.O. and Soubaneh, Y.D. (2014). Wastewater Treatment in Chemical Industries: The Concept and Current Technologies. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. 5 (8); 43-45.
Braeken, A.P., Asano, T. and Power, O. (2014). Waste water reuse. In Biswas. Water resources: Environmental planning, Management, and Development. Journal of Natural Science Research, 6 (8); 381-438.
Breweries of Europe (2002). Guidance notes for establishing best available technique (BAT) in the brewery industry. Brewers of Europe, European Journal of Botany.7; 14 – 38.
Center for Agriculture and Biological Sciences International (CABI) (2017). Preferred scientific name Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.www.cabi.org/ise/datasheet/110331.Accessed 12 July 2020
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Review. 12: 564 – 582.
Dimowo, B. O. (2013). Assessment of some physicochemical parameters of River Ogun (Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria) in comparison with national and international standard. International Journal of Aquaculture, 3(15): 79 – 84
Epstein, A.V., Bloom, M.P. and Chanduvi, F. (2005). Worldwide status of wastewater treatment for irrigation. In: Agroenviron: Proceedings of second international symposium on New Technologies for Environmental Monitoring and Agro-Applications, 18-20 October 2019. Tekirdag. Turkey. Trakya University, Tekirdayg, Turkey, 3(2); 304-312.
Egunjobi, J. K. (1969). Some Common Weeds of West Africa. Bulletin Resource Division. Ministry of Agriculture. National Resources Western States, Ibadan, Nigeria. 4(3): 224 – 229.
Egwuonwu, C. C., Uzojie, A. P., Okafor, V. C., Ezeanya, N. C. and Nwachukwu, M. U. (2012). Evaluation of the effects of industrial wastewater discharge on surface water: A case study of Nigeria Breweries PLC, Enugu. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(3): 46 – 63.
Ekhaise, F.O. and Anyasi, C.C. (2005). Influence of Breweries Effluent Discharge on the Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Ikpoba River, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology., 4 (4):1062-1065.
Fontem, D.A. and Schippers, R.R. (2004). Economic importance of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 6 (6): 120-133.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (1996). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: 46th report of the joint FAO and WHO expert committee on food additives, Codex Standards, Rome. Pp. 8.
Freeman, A. and Faroqui, S. (2005). Tapping wastewater. Journal of Natural Science Research 10 (2): 20-21.
Jodeh, S., Staiti, H.O., Haddad, M., Renno, T., Zaid, A., Jaradat, N. and Kharoat, M. (2012). The fate of leachate of pharmaceuticals like Amoxicillin, Ibuprofen and Caffein in the soil, using soil columns. European Journal of Chemistry, 3(4); 480-484.
Ibekwe, V. I., Nwaiwu, O. I. and Offorbuike, J. O. (2004). Bacteriology and physicochemical qualities of wastewater from a bottling company in Owerri, Nigeria. Global of Environmental Sciences, 3: 51 –54.
Ikpeaiyada, A. R. and Onianwa, P. C. (2009). Impact of brewery effluent on water quality in Olosun River in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Chemistry and Ecology, 25: 189 – 204.
Jones, E. and Ensink, J. (2013). Nationwide Wastewater Survey. International Water Management Institute. 2(5); 74-75.
Kamboj A, Ajay K. S. (2010) Microscopial and preliminary phytochemical studies on Aerial part (leaves and stems) of Bryophyllum pinnatum. FUUAST Journal of Biology. 2 (3) 254-59.
Kumar, G.P., and Arjun, S.K. (2013). A Cocktail enzyme: pectinase from fruit industrial dump sites: A review Research. Journal of Pharmacological, Biological and .Chemistry Science., 5:1252-1258.
Li W., MaoR., Liu X.(2015). Effects of stress. Duration and non toxic ions on heavy metals toxicity to Arabidopsis seed germination and seedling growth. Journal of Environmental Contaminated Toxicology. 7 (6): 1943-2170.
Majaz, Q. A., Tatiya, A. U., Khurshid, M., Nazim, S. and Siraj, S. (2011). The Miracle Plant (Kalanchoe pinnata): A phytochemical and pharmacological Review. International Journal of Resource and Pharmacological. 2(5): 1478 – 1482.
Makkar, A. O. S. and Goodchild A. V. (1996). Qualification of Tannins: A laboratory manual. International Centre of Agricultural Research in Dry Areas. Journal of Agric Food Chemistry 2(1):20-23.
Nandy, T. and Kaul, S.N. (1994). Waste water management for tapioca-based sago industry. Indian Journal Environmental Project, 14;721-728.
Narrain, K., Chilton, P.J., Stuart, M. E., Escolero, O., Marks, R.J., Gonzalez, A. and Milne, C.J. (2012). Groundwater recharge and pollutant transport beneath wastewater irrigation: the ease of Leon, Mexico. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 7 (2); 153-168.
NESREA (2009). National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Regulations. 96: 65 - 66, The Federal Government Printer, Abuja, Nigeria.
Nirgude, N.T., Shukia, S. and Venkatachalam, A. (2013). Physico-chemical analysis of some industrial effluents from Vapi industrial area, Gujarat, India. Rasayan Journal Chemistry. 6:68-72.
Nipost Postcode Map. Nigeria postal Service. Archived from the original on 7th October 2009. Retrieved 8th May 2020.www.Nipost.org/ise/datasheet/110331.Accessed 12 July 2020.
Nwoko, C.O., and Ogunremi, S.J., (2010). Evaluation of phyto-toxicity effects of palm oil mill effluent on maize (Zea mays L.) crop: yield, tissue nutrient and residual soil chemical properties. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4 (1): 16-22.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor, O. (2008). Growth and anatomy of Bryophyllum pinnatum as affected by different brewery effluent concentrations. Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1); 70-74.
Olorode, O. A. and Fagade, O. E. (2012). Comparison between a brewery effluent and its receiving stream in Ibadan based on their physical, chemical and microbiological analysis. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2): 293 – 299.
Omosun, P.N. (2008) Post –treatment plant effluent using a two-stage fluidized bed bioreactor system. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 3(1);1186 - 2052.
Otokunefor, T. V. and Obiukwu, C. (2005). Impact of refinery effluent on the physicochemical properties of a water body in the Niger Delta. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 3(1): 61 – 72.
Pena L. R., Azpilicueta C.E., Gallego S.M. (2017). Sunflower cotyledons cope with copper stress by inducing catalase sub units less sensitive to oxidation. Journal of Trace Element Medical Biology. 25: 125-129.
Power S. D. (2014). Modern environmental health hazards: A public health issue of increasing significant Africa. Environmental Health Perspective, Journal of Trace Element Medical Biology. 7 (6): 863 – 870.
Piyush, C., Sharda, G., Cheeran, A. N and Anand, K. C. (2012). Fast and accurate method for leaf area measurement. International Journal of Computer Application, 4(3): 22 – 25.
Radwan M.A., and Salama A.K. (2016). Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 4(8); 1273-1278.
Ramana , S., Biswas, A.K., Kundu, S., Saha, J.K. and Yadava, R.B. (2002). Effect of effluent on seed germination in some vegetable’s crops. Biological-resource Technology 82:273-275.
Rodda, F.N., Simate, O.A., Muyen, E.O and Droogers, P. (2011). Global irrigated area mapping: Overview and recommendations. Workingpaper36. International Water Management Institute, Colombo, 6 (1) 54 - 60.
Sahu, S.K., and Pradhan, K.C. (2014). Sarangi soil pollution in Orissa. Orissa Review 2014 Sep. 1 (2): 12 – 14.
Sathawara N. G., Parikh D.J., and Agrawal Y.K. (2018). Essential heavy metals in environmental samples from western India, Bulletin of Environnmental Contamination and Toxicology. 3 (4); 756-761.
Siriangkhawut, W., Tontrong. S. and Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Quantitation of aluminum content in waters and soft drinks by spectrophotometry using eriochrome Cyanine R. Research journal of pharmaceutical, biological and chemical sciences, 4(3): 1154-1161.
Tilt, B., (2013). Industrial pollution and environmental health in rural China: Risk, Uncertainty and individualization. China. Analytical Biochemistry. 2 (4) :283-301.
Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G. and Kaur, H. (2011). Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. International Pharmaceutical Sciencia. 1(1): 98-106.
Udoh, E.J. (2015). Technical inefficiency in vegetable, farming of humid region. An analysis of dry season vegetable farming of urban women in South Zone. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, and social sciences.1:80- 85.
USEPA (2004). Memorandum: Development and Adoption of Nutrient Criteria into Water Quality Standards. United State Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA. http://dasup.epa.gov/waters/natioal-pept.control#top-Imp.Accessed March 6, 2021.
WHO (1996). Guideline for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd Edition, Volume 2, Health Criteria and Other Supporting International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva.