Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Seedlings on spent engine oil-stressed soil.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Waste oil finds its way into the environment through engine use, spills, leaks from exhaust systems and indiscriminate disposal. This study aimed at phytoremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soil by using Gmelina arborea seedlings. Pollution was simulated by using four SEOconcentrations:0 ml (Control), 30 ml (T1), 150 ml (T2, and 750 ml (T3) to contaminate vegetated (VG)and unvegetated (UVG) soils. Using 2 × 4 factorial completely randomized design of 15 replicates, data were collected at 57 and 163 days after planting (DAP), and subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 23.Mean concentrations of heavy metals in VG soil decreased significantly (Pb: 0.031;Zn:1400; Cu:0.8; Cd: 0.011; Al:4.7 mg/100g) compared to the significant increase in UVG(Pb: 0.046; Zn:1787.5; Cu:2.8; Cd:0.042; Al:5.05mg/100g) soil and showed variation in the mean accumulation in the plant tissues. Pb (0.08), Al (6.88), Cu (0.83) and Cd (0.02) produced highest accumulation in the T3 root, Zn was highest (3,200mg/100g) in the T2 leaves while stem had least accumulations at higher concentrations. Results showed low adverse effects on the plant morphological characterizations but stomatal width and chlorophyll contents of the leaves had variations. Based on the results, G. arborea had a higher tolerance for SEO pollution. Therefore, the plant’s ability to germinate, grow, survive in polluted soil and build-up of heavy metals showed its potency as hyperaccumulator and usefulness as a phytoremediator.
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Osayi, E. E., Obaregwu, C. N., Amujiri, A. N., Nweze, A. E., Osayi, N. H., & Ugwu, B. C. (2026). Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Seedlings on spent engine oil-stressed soil. The Bioscientist Journal, 14(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v14i1.203
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ahmad, S.H.; Reshi, Z.; Ahmad, J.; and Iqbal, M. (2005). Morpho-anatomical responses of Trigonellafoenum graecum Linn. to induced cadmium and lead stress. Journal of Plant Biology, 48: 64–84.
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Arellano, P., Tansey, K., Balzter, H. and Tellkamp, M. (2017). Plant family-specific impacts of petroleum pollution on biodiversity and leaf chlorophyll content in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador. Journal PloS-one, 12(1): 0169867.
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Chibowski, S. (2000). Studies of radioactive contaminations and heavy metal content in vegetables from Lublin. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 9:247-249.
Chandawat, A. C., Verma, P. U. and Solanki, H. A. (2011). Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of tree species at cross roads of Ahmedabad city. Life Science Leaflets, 20: 935-943.
Garba1, M. D. Mohammed, M. I. and Kiyawa, S. A (2018). Heavy Metals Accumulation in Amaranths (Amaranthus Hybridus) And Jews Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Grown on Soil Amended with Tannery Sludge from Challawa Industrial Area, Kano State Nigeria. Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT. 12 (2): 41-45 www.iosrjournals.org
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Hui, D. S., Azhar, E., Madani, T. A, Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C, Zumla, A. and Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis., 91:264-266. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009.
Hui, K. L., Kou, B., Jiang, Y. H., Wu, Y., Xu, Q., & Tan, W. (2022). Nitrogen addition increases the ecological and human health risks of PAHs in different fractions of soil in sewage‐irrigated area. Science of the Total Environment, 811, 151420–151431.
Idemudia, U. (2014). Corporate-community engagement strategies in the Niger Delta: Some critical reflections’ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.07.005
Munira, B., Gururaja, G.M., Deepak, M., Q., and Shashidhara, N.B. (2013). An overview on phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Gmelina arborea. Journal of Natural Products Resources 3(4):62-71
Nkwocha EE, Pat-Mbano EC and Tony-Njoku NF. Assessment of heavy metal concentration in food crops grown around etelebou oil flow station in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2011; 2(3): 665–670
Nwachukwu, M. O., Azorji, J. N., Adjero, L. A., Green, M. C., Igwe, C. E. and Nnadozie, R. I. A. (2020). Influence of spent engine oil pollution and organic amendment on soil physicochemical properties, microbial population and growth of Capsicum annuum (L.). Asian Soil Research Journal, 3(1): 17-25.
Nwite, J. N. and Alu, M.O. (2015). Effect of different levels of spent engine oil on soil properties, grain yield of maize and its heavy metal uptake Abakiliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Soil Science and Environmental Management, 5(4): 44-51.
Odjegba, V. J. and Sadiq, A. O. (2002). Effects of spent engine oil on the growth parameters, chlorophyll and protein levels of Amaranthus hybridus L. The Environmentalist, 22: 23–28.
Ogbuehi, H.C., Ezeibekwe, I.O. and Ejiogu, M.C. (2011). The effect of spent engine oil- pollution on growth performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in Owerri, Imo State. Global Research Journal of Science, 1: 24-27.
Ogunlana, R., Korode, A. I. and Ajibade, Z. F. (2020). Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko Community of Ondo State, Nigeria. Applied Science Environmental Management, 24(12): 2183-2189.
Okonokhua, B. O., Ikhajiagbe, B., Anoliefo, G. O. and Emede, T.O. (2007). The effects of spent engine oil on soil properties and growth of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Applied Science Environment Management, 11(3): 147 – 152.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor, O. (2008). Growth and anatomy of Amaranthus hybridus as affected by different crude oil concentrations. American Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1): 70-74.
Osubor, C. C. and Anoliefo, G. O (2003). Incubatory effect of spent lubrication oil on the growth and respiratory function of Arachis hypogeae L. Benin Science Digest, 1:73-79.
Osugiri, I. I., Ben-Chendo, G. N., Okwara, M. O., Anyanwu, G. U. and Utazi, C. O. (2019). Analysis of the trends of climatic variables in Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research, 11, 3910-3913.
Otunne, R.N. and Kinako, P.D.S. (2010). Effects of used engine oil pollution on early seedling growth of Telfairia occidentalis and Zea mays. Multidisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, 15(5): 124-129.
Piyush, C., Sharda, G., Cheeran, A. N and Anand, K. C. (2012). Fast and accurate method for leaf area measurement. International Journal of Computer Application, 4(3): 22 – 25.
Rai, V.; Khatoon, S.; Bisht, S.S.; and Mehrotra, S. (2005). Effect of cadmium on growth, ultra morphology of leaf and secondary metabolites of Phyllanthus amaro’s Schum. And Thonn. Chemosphere, 61: 1644–1650.
Siriangkhawut, W., Tontrong. S. and Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Quantitation of aluminum content in waters and soft drinks by spectrophotometry using eriochrome Cyanine R. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(3): 1154-1161.
Stankovic, D. and Devetakovic, J. (2016). Application of plants in remediation of contaminated sites. Reforesta, 1: 300-320.
Sumanta, N., Haque, C. I., Nishika, J. and Suprakash, R. (2014). Spectrophotometric analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from commonly grown fern species by using various extracting solvents. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 4(9): 63-69.
Thompson, L.A. and Darwish W.S. (2019). Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food: Review of a Global Problem. Journal of Toxicology,1;2019:2345283. doi: 10.1155/2019/2345283.
Ubochi, K. C., Nweze, N. O. Ojua, E. O. (2019). Effect of coconut oil effluent (ICE) irrigation practice on some soil chemical properties and nutrients composition of Talinum fruticosum L. The International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 45 (3):303-310.
Ugwu, E. C., Nwadinigwe, A. O. and Agbo, B. C. (2019). Phytoremediation of heavy metal in spent engine oil-polluted soil by Senna alata L. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12: 228-234.
Uguru, M. I., Oyiga, B. C. and Jandong, E. A. (2012). Response of some soybean genotypes to different soil pH regimes in two planting seasons. African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 6: 26-37.
United State Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) (2021). Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (“Plan”) builds on a strong foundation. 33 pages.
Verma, P., Bijalwan, A., Shankhwar, A.K., Dobriyal, M.J., Jacob, V., and Rathaude, S.K. (2017) Scaling up of an indigenous tree (Gmelina arborea) based agroforestry systems in India. International Journal of Science and Qualitative Analysis, 3(6):73-77.
Wang, Y. P., Tang, J. S., Chu, C. Q., Tian, J. (2000). A preliminary study on the introduction and cultivation of Crambe abyssinica in China, an oil plant for industrial uses. Ind. Crops Products, 12 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00066-7
World Health Organization (WHO). 1996. Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants. World Health Organization, Genava, Switzerland
Zhang, C., Huang, H., Zhou, Y., Lin, H., Xie, T. and Liao, C. (2019). Stomatal response of maize (Zea mays L.) to crude oil contamination in soils. Applied Sciences, 9(19): 4074 – 4084.
Agbogidi, O.M. and Eruotor, P. G. (2012). Morphological changes due to spent engine oil contamination and its heavy metal components of Jatropha curcas Linn. Seedlings. Proceedings of the International conference on Bioscience, Biotechnology and Healthcare Sciences, Singapore. Pp. 88-93.
Agbogidi, O.M. and Ilondu, E.M. (2013). Effects of spent engine oil on the germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera L. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(6): 239-243.
Agbogidi, O. M. and Ejemete, O. R. (2005). An assessment of the effect of crude oil pollution on soil properties, germination and growth of Gambeya albida (L). Uniswa Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 8(2): 148-155
Agbogidi, M. O., Eruotor, P.G. and Akparobi, S. O. (2007). Effects of time of application of crude oil to soil on the growth of maize. Research Journal of Environmental toxicology, 1(3): 116-123.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). (2002). Official methods of Analysis of AOAC, (17TH edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washinghton, D.C. 1149 pp.
Ayoola, S.O. and Akaeze, C.O. (2012). Genotoxic evaluation and toxicity of spent engine oil on Claias gariepinus. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 6: 133-141.
Ahmad, S.H.; Reshi, Z.; Ahmad, J.; and Iqbal, M. (2005). Morpho-anatomical responses of Trigonellafoenum graecum Linn. to induced cadmium and lead stress. Journal of Plant Biology, 48: 64–84.
Ajuziogu, G. C., Abu, N. E., Aino, D. O., Ideyi, S., Udoh, O. E. and Ojua, E. O. (2019). Effect of crude oil concentrations on the vascular bundle size of two maize varieties. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 30(5): 1- 6.
Arellano, P., Tansey, K., Balzter, H. and Tellkamp, M. (2017). Plant family-specific impacts of petroleum pollution on biodiversity and leaf chlorophyll content in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador. Journal PloS-one, 12(1): 0169867.
Baruah, P., Saikia, R. R., Baruah, P. P. and Deka, S. (2014). Effect of crude oil contamination on the chlorophyll content and morpho-anatomy of Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(21): 12530-12538.
Briffa, J., Sinagra, E. and Blundell, R. (2020). Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6(9): 1-26.
Chibowski, S. (2000). Studies of radioactive contaminations and heavy metal content in vegetables from Lublin. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 9:247-249.
Chandawat, A. C., Verma, P. U. and Solanki, H. A. (2011). Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) of tree species at cross roads of Ahmedabad city. Life Science Leaflets, 20: 935-943.
Garba1, M. D. Mohammed, M. I. and Kiyawa, S. A (2018). Heavy Metals Accumulation in Amaranths (Amaranthus Hybridus) And Jews Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) Grown on Soil Amended with Tannery Sludge from Challawa Industrial Area, Kano State Nigeria. Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT. 12 (2): 41-45 www.iosrjournals.org
Han, Y. M., Pu, P. X., Cao, J. L (2016). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dust of Xi’an Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 335: 176-186
Hui, D. S., Azhar, E., Madani, T. A, Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T. D., Memish, Z. A., Drosten, C, Zumla, A. and Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis., 91:264-266. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009.
Hui, K. L., Kou, B., Jiang, Y. H., Wu, Y., Xu, Q., & Tan, W. (2022). Nitrogen addition increases the ecological and human health risks of PAHs in different fractions of soil in sewage‐irrigated area. Science of the Total Environment, 811, 151420–151431.
Idemudia, U. (2014). Corporate-community engagement strategies in the Niger Delta: Some critical reflections’ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.07.005
Munira, B., Gururaja, G.M., Deepak, M., Q., and Shashidhara, N.B. (2013). An overview on phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Gmelina arborea. Journal of Natural Products Resources 3(4):62-71
Nkwocha EE, Pat-Mbano EC and Tony-Njoku NF. Assessment of heavy metal concentration in food crops grown around etelebou oil flow station in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature. 2011; 2(3): 665–670
Nwachukwu, M. O., Azorji, J. N., Adjero, L. A., Green, M. C., Igwe, C. E. and Nnadozie, R. I. A. (2020). Influence of spent engine oil pollution and organic amendment on soil physicochemical properties, microbial population and growth of Capsicum annuum (L.). Asian Soil Research Journal, 3(1): 17-25.
Nwite, J. N. and Alu, M.O. (2015). Effect of different levels of spent engine oil on soil properties, grain yield of maize and its heavy metal uptake Abakiliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Soil Science and Environmental Management, 5(4): 44-51.
Odjegba, V. J. and Sadiq, A. O. (2002). Effects of spent engine oil on the growth parameters, chlorophyll and protein levels of Amaranthus hybridus L. The Environmentalist, 22: 23–28.
Ogbuehi, H.C., Ezeibekwe, I.O. and Ejiogu, M.C. (2011). The effect of spent engine oil- pollution on growth performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in Owerri, Imo State. Global Research Journal of Science, 1: 24-27.
Ogunlana, R., Korode, A. I. and Ajibade, Z. F. (2020). Assessing the level of heavy metals concentration in soil around transformer at Akoko Community of Ondo State, Nigeria. Applied Science Environmental Management, 24(12): 2183-2189.
Okonokhua, B. O., Ikhajiagbe, B., Anoliefo, G. O. and Emede, T.O. (2007). The effects of spent engine oil on soil properties and growth of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Applied Science Environment Management, 11(3): 147 – 152.
Omosun, G., Markson, A. A. and Mbanasor, O. (2008). Growth and anatomy of Amaranthus hybridus as affected by different crude oil concentrations. American Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1): 70-74.
Osubor, C. C. and Anoliefo, G. O (2003). Incubatory effect of spent lubrication oil on the growth and respiratory function of Arachis hypogeae L. Benin Science Digest, 1:73-79.
Osugiri, I. I., Ben-Chendo, G. N., Okwara, M. O., Anyanwu, G. U. and Utazi, C. O. (2019). Analysis of the trends of climatic variables in Southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Current Research, 11, 3910-3913.
Otunne, R.N. and Kinako, P.D.S. (2010). Effects of used engine oil pollution on early seedling growth of Telfairia occidentalis and Zea mays. Multidisciplinary Journal of Research and Development, 15(5): 124-129.
Piyush, C., Sharda, G., Cheeran, A. N and Anand, K. C. (2012). Fast and accurate method for leaf area measurement. International Journal of Computer Application, 4(3): 22 – 25.
Rai, V.; Khatoon, S.; Bisht, S.S.; and Mehrotra, S. (2005). Effect of cadmium on growth, ultra morphology of leaf and secondary metabolites of Phyllanthus amaro’s Schum. And Thonn. Chemosphere, 61: 1644–1650.
Siriangkhawut, W., Tontrong. S. and Chantiratikul, P. (2013). Quantitation of aluminum content in waters and soft drinks by spectrophotometry using eriochrome Cyanine R. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(3): 1154-1161.
Stankovic, D. and Devetakovic, J. (2016). Application of plants in remediation of contaminated sites. Reforesta, 1: 300-320.
Sumanta, N., Haque, C. I., Nishika, J. and Suprakash, R. (2014). Spectrophotometric analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from commonly grown fern species by using various extracting solvents. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 4(9): 63-69.
Thompson, L.A. and Darwish W.S. (2019). Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food: Review of a Global Problem. Journal of Toxicology,1;2019:2345283. doi: 10.1155/2019/2345283.
Ubochi, K. C., Nweze, N. O. Ojua, E. O. (2019). Effect of coconut oil effluent (ICE) irrigation practice on some soil chemical properties and nutrients composition of Talinum fruticosum L. The International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 45 (3):303-310.
Ugwu, E. C., Nwadinigwe, A. O. and Agbo, B. C. (2019). Phytoremediation of heavy metal in spent engine oil-polluted soil by Senna alata L. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12: 228-234.
Uguru, M. I., Oyiga, B. C. and Jandong, E. A. (2012). Response of some soybean genotypes to different soil pH regimes in two planting seasons. African Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 6: 26-37.
United State Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) (2021). Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (“Plan”) builds on a strong foundation. 33 pages.
Verma, P., Bijalwan, A., Shankhwar, A.K., Dobriyal, M.J., Jacob, V., and Rathaude, S.K. (2017) Scaling up of an indigenous tree (Gmelina arborea) based agroforestry systems in India. International Journal of Science and Qualitative Analysis, 3(6):73-77.
Wang, Y. P., Tang, J. S., Chu, C. Q., Tian, J. (2000). A preliminary study on the introduction and cultivation of Crambe abyssinica in China, an oil plant for industrial uses. Ind. Crops Products, 12 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00066-7
World Health Organization (WHO). 1996. Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants. World Health Organization, Genava, Switzerland
Zhang, C., Huang, H., Zhou, Y., Lin, H., Xie, T. and Liao, C. (2019). Stomatal response of maize (Zea mays L.) to crude oil contamination in soils. Applied Sciences, 9(19): 4074 – 4084.