Cajanus cajan: Potentials as Functional Food
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cajanus cajan seeds constitute a major part of the diet in most parts of Eastern Nigeria. In this study, the seeds were evaluated on some indices of good health in normal male albino rats. Two groups of six rats each were used for the experiment. The C. cajan seeds we re compounded (1:1) with commercial rat pellet
and fed to the test rats while the control was fed commercial pellets for 30 days. The effects on animal weight, serum proteins, electrolytes and heamatological parameters, were determined. In addition, antioxidant enzymes which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Gluthathione perioxidase (GPx) and lipid perioxidation as biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipoproteins profile of the
animals were also evaluated. Results showed lower weight gai n (p<0.05) in C. cajan-fed compared to control rats. Total proteins, and heamatological indices – PCV, Hb, RBC and MCHC were increased
(p<0.05), while serum electrolytes were unchanged (p>0.05). Activities of SOD and GPx were lowered
(p>0.05), however, catalase activity was elevated (p<0.05). MDA level was unchanged. There was decrease (p<0.05) in TC, VLDL, TAG, while HDL was increased (p<0.05). These results indicate positive effect on indices of good health, and parameters that predispose a subject to dev elopment of chronic diseases such as
obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Article Details
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Ogbunugafor, H. A., Igwo-Ezikpe, M., Salisu, T., & Ezekwesili, C. N. (2013). Cajanus cajan: Potentials as Functional Food . The Bioscientist Journal, 1(2), 119-126. Retrieved from https://bioscientistjournal.com/index.php/The_Bioscientist/article/view/54
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Belquith-Hadriche, O., Bouaziz, M., Jamoussik,
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Okpuzor, J., Ogbunugafor, H.A. and G.K.Kareem. (2009). Hepatic and hematologic effects of fractions of Globumetula branuii in normal albino rats. EXCLI Journal. 8: 182-189.
Olaniyan, M.F. and A. Adeleke. (2005). A study of the effect of pumpkin (Ugu-Telfaira occidentals) milk and raw egg mixture in the treatment of anaemic pregnant women in rural area. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.
2: 269-273.
Ononogbu, I.C. (2002). Lipids in human existence. AP Express publishers. Nsukka – Nigeria.
Ostlund, R.E. J. (2002). Phytosterols in human nutrition. Nutrition 22: 533-549.
Sevanian A. and P. Hochstein (1985). Mechanisms and consequences of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Annual Review of Nutrition. 5:365–390.
Shar, A.S.B. (1991). Nutritional Evaluation of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) and its cooking characteristics. Ph. D thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Pujab.
Sun, M. and S. Zigma. (1978). An Improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on epinephrine autooxidation. Analytical Biochemistry. 90:81-89.
Svobodovaa, C.M., Carney, J.A. and R. N. Rosemoff. (2001) Africa’s botanical legacy in the Atlantic world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tsumbu, C.N., Deby-Dupont, G., Tits, M., Angenot, L., Francl, T., Serteyn, D. and T. Mouithys-Mickalad. (2011). Antioxidant and antiradical activities of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) leaves and other selected tropical green vegetables investigated on lipid peroxidation and 12myristate-13-acetate(PMA) activated monocytes. Nutrients. 3: 818-838.
Usoh, I. F., Akpan, E. J., Etim, E. O., and E. O. Farombi. (2005). Antioxidant actions of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 4:135-141.
Wang, J., Yuan, X. P., Jin, Z. Y., Tian, Y. and H. L. Song. (2010). Free radical and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities of Pigeon Pea seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11:56 - 69.
Aiyeloja, A.A. and O.A. Bello. (2006). Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu state.
Educational Review. 1: 16-22.
Akande, K.E., Abubakar, M.M., Adegbola, T.A., Bogoro, S.E., and U.D. Doma. (2010). Chemical evaluation of the nutritive quality of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.].
International Journal of Poultry Science. 9:
63-65.
Akinloye, O.A and O. O. Moshood. (2011). Hepatoprotective effect of Cajanus cajan on tissue defense system in D–galactosamine– induced hepatitis in rats. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry. 36: 237 – 241.
Anuonye, J.C., Jigam, A.A. and G.M. Ndaceko. (2012) Effects of Extrusion-cooking on the nutrients and anti-nutrient composition of pigeon pea and unripe plantain blends. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2: 158-162.
Bararad, G., Chandrasekarah, S. and P. Preelti. (2012). Are Lipid true surrogate biomarkers of coronary heart disease in periodentitis?; A case study in south Indian population. Journal of Indian Society of Periodentology. 15: 32-36.
Belquith-Hadriche, O., Bouaziz, M., Jamoussik,
K., El Feki, A., Savadi, S., and F. MakniAvedi. (2010). Lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects of an ethyl acetate extract of ferugreek seeds in high-cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry. 58:2116-2122.
Chattopadhyay, R.R. and M. Bandyay. (2005). Effect of Azadiranchta indica leaf extract on serum lipid profile changes in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 8: 101-104.
Ekeke G.I., and F.O. Shode. (1990). Phenylalanine is the predominant antisickling agent in Cajanus cajan seed extract. Planta medica. 56:41-43.
Godin, N., Liu, G.J., Brezniceanu, M.L., Chenier, I., Filep, J.G., Ingelifinger, J.R., Zhang, S.L. and J. S. Chan. (2010). Catalase over expression prevents hypentension and tubular apoptosis in angiotensinogen transgenic mice. Kidney International. 77:1060 –1062.
Gurr, M.I. and J.L. Harwood (1985). Lipid biochemistry: An Introduction. 5th Edition. Chapman. London.
Igene, F.U., Isika, M.A., Oboh, S.O. and D.A. Ekudayo. (2012). Replacement value of boiled pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcas and heamatological response in broilers chickens. Asian Journal of Poultry Science. 6:1-9.
Ilelaboye, N.O.A. and O.O. Pikuda (2009). Determination of minerals and antinutritional factors of some lesser-known crop seeds. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 8:16521656.
Ka¨hko¨nen, M.P., Hopia, A.I., Vuorela, H.J., Rauha, J., Pihlaja, K., Tytti, S., Kujala, T.S. and M. Heinonen. (1999). Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 47:3954-3962.
Lawal, O.U. (2012). The mineral and phytochemical analysis of leaves of Senna alata and Cajanus cajan and their medicinal value. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Science. 1:1-11.
Lark, L.A., Witt, P.A., Becker, K.B., Studzinski, W.M., and J.A. Weyhenmeyer. (1990) Effect of dietary tryptophan on development of hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Clinical Experiment for Hypertension A. 12:
1-13.
Loki, A.L., and T. Rajamohan. (2003).
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of tender coconut water on CCl4 induced liver injury in rat. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 40: 354-357.
Muangman, T., Wichet, L. and K. Prapaipat. (2011). Crude proteins from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) posses potent SOD like activity and genoprotective effect against H202 in TK6 cells. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 5: 6977 – 6986.
Muangthai, P., Pakathera, U., Penprapa, S. and P. Wai. (2009). Development of healthy soy sauce from pigeon pea. Asian Journal of Food and Agro–industry. 2: 291 – 301.
Nduka, N. (1999). Clinical Biochemistry for students of pathology. Longman. Nigeria.
Odeny, D.A. (2007). The potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in Africa. Natural Research Forum. 31: 297-305.
Ogbunugafor, H.A., Sofidiya, O., Okpuzor, J., Kemdilim, M., Anajekwe, B. and Ekechi, A. (2010). Effect of extracts of Hymenocardia acida Tul (Hymenocarciaceae) on rats. Journal of American Science 6: 143-146.
Ogbunugafor, H.A., Okochi, V.I., Okpuzor, J., Adedayo, T. and S. Esue (2007). Mitragyna ciliata and its trypanocidal activity. African Journal of Biotechnology. 6: 2310-2313.
Ogbunugafor, H.A., Igwo-Ezikpe, M.N., Igwilo, I.O., Ozumba, N., Adenekan, S., Ugochukwu, C. Onyekwelu, O. and A. Ekechi. (2012). In vitro and In vivo evaluation of antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera ethanolic leaves extract and effect on serum lipid indices in rat. Macedonian Journal of Medicinal Sciences.
5: 397-403.
Okpuzor, J., Ogbunugafor, H.A. and G.K.Kareem. (2009). Hepatic and hematologic effects of fractions of Globumetula branuii in normal albino rats. EXCLI Journal. 8: 182-189.
Olaniyan, M.F. and A. Adeleke. (2005). A study of the effect of pumpkin (Ugu-Telfaira occidentals) milk and raw egg mixture in the treatment of anaemic pregnant women in rural area. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.
2: 269-273.
Ononogbu, I.C. (2002). Lipids in human existence. AP Express publishers. Nsukka – Nigeria.
Ostlund, R.E. J. (2002). Phytosterols in human nutrition. Nutrition 22: 533-549.
Sevanian A. and P. Hochstein (1985). Mechanisms and consequences of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Annual Review of Nutrition. 5:365–390.
Shar, A.S.B. (1991). Nutritional Evaluation of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) and its cooking characteristics. Ph. D thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Pujab.
Sun, M. and S. Zigma. (1978). An Improved spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase based on epinephrine autooxidation. Analytical Biochemistry. 90:81-89.
Svobodovaa, C.M., Carney, J.A. and R. N. Rosemoff. (2001) Africa’s botanical legacy in the Atlantic world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tsumbu, C.N., Deby-Dupont, G., Tits, M., Angenot, L., Francl, T., Serteyn, D. and T. Mouithys-Mickalad. (2011). Antioxidant and antiradical activities of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) leaves and other selected tropical green vegetables investigated on lipid peroxidation and 12myristate-13-acetate(PMA) activated monocytes. Nutrients. 3: 818-838.
Usoh, I. F., Akpan, E. J., Etim, E. O., and E. O. Farombi. (2005). Antioxidant actions of dried flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 4:135-141.
Wang, J., Yuan, X. P., Jin, Z. Y., Tian, Y. and H. L. Song. (2010). Free radical and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities of Pigeon Pea seed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11:56 - 69.